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CFM: December 4–10 Revelation 1–5 Videos and Podcasts Video/ Podcast ​Lesson Extension ​Additional Materials Scripture Central Revelation 1–5 Study Guide Follow Him Revelation 1–5 Part 1 , Part 2 Transcripts Line Upon Line Revelation 1–5 Teaching with Power Revelation 1–5 ​ Don't Miss This Revelation 1–5 ​ ​CFM New Testament Revelation 1–5 ​Unshaken Revelation 1–5 ( Part 1 , Part 2 ) ​ ​The Interpreter Foundation Revelation 1–5 ​Study helps by Jonn Claybaugh ​Teaching Helps with John Hilton Revelation 1–5 ​ ​Scripture Gems Revelation 1-5 ​ ​Ponderfun Revelation 1–5 ​Talking Scripture Revelation 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5-6 Show Notes ​Hurricane Utah Adult Religion Class , New Testament Revelation 1–5: Notes , Slides , Handout This week I was invited to attend a gathering for CFM content creators at the Church Office Building. It was a fantastic experience and I had the privilege of meeting several of our favorite friends from many of the podcasts and resources that we have all become so familiar with over the last few years. I also had the opportunity to meet several new friends, and I will be incorporating some of their materials to our reference links and future lessons, so be on the lookout for those. Resources and Insights about this Week's Lesson The Name 'Revelation' in Greek: The Greek title of the Book of Revelation is Ἀποκάλυψις "Apokalypsis," meaning "unveiling" or "revelation." It is the very first word of the book, a compound word ἀπό "from" and καλύπτω "cover, hide, veil." The word implies the revealing of things that are concealed כָּסָה , fitting for the book’s content of unveiling patterns and concealed spiritual truths. Historical Context The Book of Revelation was written in a time of great turmoil and distress for early Christians and Jews, against a backdrop of significant cultural and political upheaval. Listed are a few examples: 1. Destruction of the Temple and Jerusalem (70 AD): The Jewish Temple in Jerusalem, a central place of worship and symbol of Jewish identity, was destroyed by the Romans. This event was a catastrophic blow to Jewish society and religion, leading to a significant shift in Jewish religious life and practices. 2. Persecution of Jews and Christians: During this period, both Jews and Christians faced intense persecution. The fall of Jerusalem further marginalized the Jewish people, while Christians, seen as a sect of Judaism initially, were also subjected to severe trials. Several key figures like the Apostles Peter and Paul had been martyred. Their deaths symbolized the extreme risks faced by Christian leaders and followers alike. Persecution under Roman Emperors: Notably, Emperors like Nero were infamous for their brutal treatment of Christians. Nero's reign (54-68 AD) was marked by the Great Fire of Rome (64 AD), after which he blamed and persecuted Christians, subjecting them to cruel and unusual punishments. Circus of Nero: This refers to the brutal spectacles where Christians were often tortured and killed for public entertainment. These events were part of the broader context of hostility and violence against Christians. Before the writing of Revelation, key figures like the Apostles Peter and Paul had been martyred. Their deaths symbolized the extreme risks faced by Christian leaders and followers alike. Masada: An ancient Herodian fortress in Israel is the site of a tragic and iconic event in Jewish history, dating back to around 73-74 AD during the First Jewish-Roman War. After the destruction of Jerusalem and the Second Temple in 70 AD, a group of Jewish rebels, known as the Sicarii, along with their families, took refuge in the fortress of Masada, located atop a rocky plateau overlooking the Dead Sea. The Roman Empire, determined to quell this last pocket of Jewish resistance, laid siege to Masada. They built a massive rampart and breached the fortress. According to the account by Flavius Josephus, a Jewish historian of the time, when Roman troops finally entered the fortress, they discovered that the 960 occupants had chosen mass suicide over capture. The defenders had killed their families and then themselves, preferring death to enslavement or execution by the Romans. This act of mass suicide has become a symbol of bravery, freedom, and the struggle against oppression, deeply embedded in Israeli national consciousness and Jewish history. Exile of John to Patmos: John mentions being on the island of Patmos "because of the word of God and the testimony of Jesus" (Revelation 1:9). This is generally understood to mean that John was exiled to Patmos, a small, rocky island in the Aegean Sea, as a form of punishment for his Christian ministry. This setting of turmoil, oppression, and uncertainty heavily influenced the writing and themes of Revelation. The letter of Revelation was intended to offer guidance, hope, a promise of divine justice, and a vision of ultimate victory for the many believers who were enduring very challenging trials and opposition. The Jewish Nature of the Book of Revelation The Book of Revelation is deeply rooted in Jewish tradition and symbolism, drawing extensively from the Old Testament and Jewish culture. Its Jewish nature is evident in its use of imagery, themes, and references that would have been familiar to a Jewish audience. 1. Old Testament Imagery and Symbolism: The Book of Revelation, with its intricate tapestry of symbols and visions, is deeply connected to the Old Testament. In fact, it's estimated that about one out of every ten words in Revelation is either a direct quotation from or an allusion to the Old Testament. This intertextual relationship is crucial for understanding the symbolic depth of Revelation. Consider the following: Examples like the "Lion of the tribe of Judah" in Revelation 5:5 directly refers back to Genesis 49:9 , INT , drawing one of many connection between Old Testament messianic prophecies and New Testament fulfillment. The imagery of the "New Jerusalem" in Revelation 21 echoes the prophecies of Ezekiel Isaiah, and Daniel, symbolizing the restoration and glorification of Israel and Old and New Jerusalem. Temple imagery abounds, with references to the Tree of Life, Cherubim, the stones in the Breastplate of Righteousness, the Ark of the Covenant, and others. These elements, rooted in Jewish temple worship, resonated deeply with the cultural and religious heritage of its Jewish-Christian audience. Historical allusions to events like the Babylonian Exile and various political figures and conflicts provide a backdrop of historical context that enriches the narrative. For example: the reference 666 is a reference to Nero, and frequently various leaders (Political, spiritual, national) were represented as animals: Rams, Sheep, Goats, etc. This was typical of most apocalyptic literature (Ezekiel, Daniel, Enoch). These were cryptic types of writings that were frequently used during periods of intense persecution to protect members (Babylonian Exile, 70 AD Diaspora, etc.) Revelation fits in with other contemporary Jewish apocalyptic writings of the time, like Ezekiel, Daniel, and the Book of 1 Enoch 1:1-2 , 1 Enoch 90:20 , 37-40 , 3 Baruch 1:1-8 , etc. Revelation follows the same structure and format as traditional Jewish Apocalyptic Texts: It speaks to readers via symbols and heavenly visions, through cultural images and codes primarily aimed at an insider audience. (Ex Rev 5:5-6 INT , the slain lamb (seven horns, eyes, & spirits). These linguistic codes would make sense to an inside audience, but they would have been enigmatic to an outsider (especially to an outside audience 2000 years in the future). Revelation expresses strong anti-Roman Sentiments: The text enters into a polemic with the paganistic beliefs and practices of the Roman empire. (Ex. Rev. 17:1-9 INT ) Revelation is a real letter: A public message to seven very real, historical assemblies of Christian followers undergoing severe persecution. Ephesus Smyrna Pergamos Thyatira Sardis Philadelphia Laodicea Revelation is a Prophetic message: Israel’s prophets always rebuked sin and proclaimed future hope. In like manner Revelation issues stern warnings to those who go astray towards paganism and offers rewards of a bright future and praise to the faithful who persevere the persecution and remain faithful to the God of Israel. Demonstrates strong prophetic themes related to Throne Theophany and Merkva Mysticism (we will cover these topic in more detail later). Revelation is about 1st-century events. The author says his vision will come to pass “shortly, in order” (Rev. 1:1, 22:5) (although not exclusively) Revelation contains prophecies relevant to both the time of its writing and future events, especially those anticipating the Second Coming of Jesus Christ. It highlights replicating and specific patterns, that applied both historically to its early Christian audience and relates to a future audience. The visions of future events are included as expected prophecies, but a core of the message is largely focused on the time in which it was written. Therefore, understanding the history and symbolism of the Book of Revelation can be greatly enhanced by examining these symbols and events in their original cultural and scriptural context. Understanding Symbolism in Scripture Tools A key tool for studying symbolism in context is a concordance. A concordance is a comprehensive index of words used in religious scriptures, listing every occurrence of each word along with the corresponding passages. The Bible Index in the Standard Works is an abbreviated type of concordance. In addition to this reference, there are many other concordances that are much more extensive, they sometimes include various translations and language tools to help the reader get more out of their scripture study. Concordances can enable scholars and students to easily locate and analyze specific words across various contexts in texts. They facilitate in-depth thematic study and are fantastic tools for preparing lessons and talks. When studying the Book of Revelation, one can utilize a concordance to trace the origins and applications of a specific term, symbol, or concept throughout the Bible. One of my favorite and free online concordances is the Blue Letter Bible website, it is one that is frequently referenced throughout this website. Blue Letter Bible provides a comprehensive concordance in addition to other useful tools, assisting the seeker to better understand the depth and complexity the text, and especially texts that are highly symbolic. By leveraging this kind of a resource, particularly in the Book of Revelation, one can gain a broader and richer understanding of the text, and one does not need to be fluent in Hebrew or Greek to do so. A separate thread called Language Tools with Blue Letter Bible has been prepared to provides some tips and tricks for learning to navigate the site. In addition, one can find an online PDF link to a Book of Mormon Concordance . Both of these tools can greatly supplement and enhance one's study of Scripture. Tips Remember the Prophet Joseph Smith's council when it comes to learning about the nature of symbolism, this will be very helpful, “I make this broad declaration, that whenever God gives a vision of an image, or beast, or figure of any kind, He always holds Himself responsible to give a revelation or interpretation of the meaning thereof, otherwise we are not responsible or accountable for our belief in it.” ( Teachings of the Prophet Joseph Smith, comp. Joseph Fielding Smith, Salt Lake City: Deseret Book Co., p. 291.) This statement does not let a follower of Jesus Christ off the hook due to ignorance, rather it is an invitation to search the words of scripture to to find the meanings that God has so abundantly provided. Gerald N. Lund, a CES director for the church, offered the following insights and guidance to help one learn to interpret the language of Symbolism. In an Ensign article titled, “ Understanding Scriptural Symbolism ” Lund offers 6 points that can help us in our study. 1. Do the Scriptures give an interpretation? 2. Do the writings of the Prophets help us interpret the symbolic imagery? 3. Use study aids that are available such as the Topical Guide, Dictionary, Maps, etc. (Concordances, Lexicons, Almanacs, Encyclopedias, Timelines... to help put things into linguistic, historic, and cultural perspective and context.) 4. Let the nature of the symbol teach you. 5. Listen to the promptings of the Spirit. 6. Balance the interpretation of symbolism with other revelation and gospel knowledge. The final guideline, and one of the most important, is to fit the interpretation of any symbol into the overall scheme of gospel knowledge. No matter how clever, or how logical, or how ingenious our interpretation of a particular symbol may be, if it contradicts what is revealed in other places, we can assume it is wrong. There is one more principle that I would like to add that I feel is very important. This is a concept that we will label, 7. Opposition in all things. Symbols are not inherently good or bad, they are inherently neutral. They represent an idea that can be used and interpreted in a number of different ways. For example, when one thinks of the color red, this is not "good" or "bad" (unless of course one identifies as a BYU fan). Red is a symbol, one cannot judge the nature or character of this symbol unless it is put into an appropriate context. How these symbols are used is just as relevant as the symbols themselves. These symbols can often present two opposing concepts that can create for us a full spectrum of possibility as one learns to identify and interpret them. For example, the symbol of a hand might represent the hand that saves, feed, lifts, and helps. However, it might also represent a hand that hurts, destroys, oppresses, or neglects. Inherent within the symbol itself one can see the forces of dichotomy at work. Context helps one to clarify the way in which a symbol is used within a particular situation. The scriptures provide many examples of how these symbols have been used in the past and how they were interpreted by ancient prophets. This perspective helps one to better understand how these symbols would have been interpreted by the cultures of that period. Today, modern prophets add to these ancient concepts, and provide additional clarification and insight that is relevant to our day. 2. Jewish Festivals and Rituals: The Book of Revelation's structure and content reflect Jewish liturgical practices and holy days. We have discussed these Feast Days in previous lessons, a brief outline was provided in our " Be Not Afraid " lesson. These festival themes are prevalent throughout the Book of Revelation. For instance, the blowing of trumpets in Revelation mirrors the Jewish Feast of Trumpets ( חֲצֹצְרָה , יוֹבֵל , שׁוֹפָר σάλπιγξ ), a time of gathering, denoting God's presence, a means of communication, and judgment. (Note: Moroni's trumpet symbolizes gathering Israel to the Temple. Joseph Smith received the Golden Plates on the Day of the Trumpets, also referred to as Rosh HaShanah, this event symbolized a new dispensation and the final harvest prior to the Second Coming of Jesus Christ). Liturgy, in the context of Christian tradition, refers to the structured format or set of rituals and ceremonies used in public worship. The term originates from the Greek word " leitourgia ," which means "public work ," " ministry ," or " service in the name of/on behalf of the people ." In a broader sense, liturgy involves specific patterns of worship that are conducted in a communal setting, often prescribed by the traditions or doctrine of a particular denomination. For example, the Book of Hebrews was probably an example of an early Christian liturgical service ( Hebrews 1-6 , & Hebrews 7-13 ). These were highly structured and symbolic services, that in many ways were derived from the patterns taught in the Ancient Temple. The primary purpose of liturgy is to facilitate worship and foster a communal connection with God. It often includes elements such as prayers, readings from Scripture, hymns, sermons, and sacraments (like the Eucharist in many Christian denominations). It can also include the organization and structure of various holidays and gatherings, like Christmas, Easter, and General Conference. Liturgy can vary significantly between different Christian traditions. For instance, the Roman Catholic, Eastern Orthodox, Anglican, and Lutheran churches have highly structured liturgies, while some Protestant and Evangelical denominations may have less formal or more flexible liturgical practices. In the LDS tradition, our sacrament services are structured, but flexible, only the sacrament prayers are memorized. However, our Temple services are highly structured, and every word is meticulously memorized and accounted for. In essence, liturgy serves as a framework that guides believers in communal worship, helping to create a rhythm and flow that connects the congregation with the divine, with each other, and with the broader traditions of their faith. It's a way to participate in a shared religious experience that transcends individual practice, linking present worship with the historical practices of their faith. 3. Numbers with Jewish Significance: Numbers carry deep Jewish significance. The cultures of Christ's time did not use the Hindu-Arabic numbering system that we use today. That system developed during the 7th and 8th centuries AD, long after the Bible was compiled and canonized. At the time when the Old and New Testaments were being written, numbers were represented by both names and alphabetic letters. For example, the letter Aleph (A) =1, Beyt (B) = 2, Gimel (C,G) = 3, and so on. This is sometimes referred to as gematria, the practice where letters are assigned numeric values. In Judaism, these numerical relationships can be symbolically significant, and they are sometimes used to reflect deeper, and often cryptic meanings. This technique is clearly evident in the Book of Revelation, as well as elsewhere throughout the Old and New Testaments. Gematria is inherently mathematical in nature, akin to geometry, both words are derived from the same 'gmtr' root. Initially, gematria primarily served practical purposes in measurement, definition, classification, and calculation. However, over time, it developed into a form of numerology, associating Hebrew and Greek alphabet letters with specific numerical values with mystical qualities. Among some, this practice led to superstitious and deceptive interpretations, and it frequently faced significant misuse, misinterpretation, and abuse, leading to controversial applications and significant misunderstandings. However, many practitioners use gematria to seek deeper meanings, connections, and insights within religious or spiritual contexts. There are ample and profound insights that can be gained by examining the numerical, alphabetic, and symbolic correlations. However, one should exercise extreme caution when examining these types of relationships because these concepts are very easy to manipulate, misunderstand, and misinterpret. Many nefarious individuals throughout history have exploited these traditions, and many well meaning individuals have been caught up and deceived by them, so this is something to be really cognizant and cautious of. One should alway check and double check the sources of anything along these lines. The best sources and resources come directly from scripture, as demonstrated in a few example below: Four The Greek number four, " tessera ," and its ordinal form " tetertos ," signify several universal themes and concepts. In the Bible, this number symbolizes the four corners of the Earth and the four winds, (aka the cardinal directions: North, South, East, West). It is also used in the Book of Revelation to describe the four horsemen (Rev 6:2-8, 9:7-17) and the four-faced Cherubim ( כְּרוּב or χερουβίμ ), a type of celestial being mentioned in the Old Testament, particularly in Genesis and Ezekiel. In Hebrew, "four" is translated as "arba" ( H702 , H703 ), and variations of this root word are used to describe ordinal or geometric "square" contexts, H7243 , H7244 , H7251 , H7253 , H7255 , H7256 . The Hebrew letter ד ' dalet ,' representing the number four, is symbolically associated with concepts like a squared door, veil, or portal, and the option to step in or out. The word 'Dalet' is sometimes reduced to ' dal ,' a smaller segment of the word, denoting poverty, need, and humility ( dalal "to bow, hang low, be distressed"). The interpretations of these symbolic relationships often reflected themes of personal agency, transformation, and growth, highlighting various choices, such as the choice to cross through the veil into mortality, or the choice to embrace others' generosity as a means of aid, development, change, growth, and transformation. In Ancient Israel, doorposts bore significant covenantal symbolism. For example, during the Exodus, the Israelites marked their doorposts with lamb's blood as a sign of divine protection against the destroying angel, signifying their allegiance to God. Furthermore, the ritual of a slave having their ear pierced against a doorpost symbolized a lifelong commitment to their master, marking the doorpost with their blood as a sign of loyalty and devotion. The New Testament, particularly the book of Hebrews, portrays the veil as a metaphor for Jesus Christ ( Hebrews 10:20 ). As one passes through His veil, they enter into a covenant with Christ; they choose to fully embrace His teachings as they strive to obey His commandment with exactness and honor, to receive His blessings. This covenant allows individuals to reenter into the presence of the Father, clothed and protected in the redeeming power of His infinite and everlasting Atonement. Seven The number seven (and its ordinal form seventh ) is associated with the concept of completion and perfection. This symbol is deeply woven into various cultural, religious, and natural contexts. Here are a few of many examples: The Weekly Cycle: The seven-day week is a universally recognized cycle. This periodization, especially in the Judeo-Christian tradition, originates from the Biblical Creation narrative in Genesis, where God created the world in six days and rested on the seventh, imbuing the seventh day, or Sabbath, with a sense of completion and divine rest. The Rainbow: In the rainbow, the seven colors - red, orange, yellow, green, blue, indigo, and violet - together form a complete visual spectrum. This natural display is a result of light refraction, where sunlight is dispersed into its constituent colors, creating seven distinct bands. This spectrum not only presents a cycle of colors but also symbolically represents the unity and completeness of light. Each color, while distinct, is part of the larger whole, illustrating how multiple elements can come together to form a perfect and complete entity. The Musical Scale: The diatonic scale in Western music consists of seven notes (For example, C, D, E, F, G, A, B), with the eighth note starting a new octave. This cycle of seven notes symbolizes the completeness of musical expression within a scale, with the octave representing both an end and a new beginning. Ancient Celestial Observations: The seven classical planets - Sun, Moon, Mercury, Venus, Mars, Jupiter, and Saturn - visible to the naked eye, were pivotal in the ancient practices of timekeeping and astronomy. These celestial bodies were meticulously observed by ancient civilizations, who used their movements to develop calendars and to measure time. Learning to determine their positions in the sky were crucial for navigation, aiding with travel and trade. Furthermore, these observations informed agricultural practices, indicating optimal times for planting and harvesting. They were also used to determine the dates for observing holy days and festivals according to specific guidelines outlined in the Biblical texts. Beyond their practical applications, these seven celestial bodies represented a sense of cosmic order and divine orchestration, deeply influencing cultural beliefs, religious practices, and the development of early technological innovations. The movements and positions of the various heavenly bodies were seen as symbols of a harmonious universe, reflecting a complete and divinely ordered system that governed various facets of human life. Agricultural Practices: In many agrarian societies, including ancient Israel, the practice of letting the land rest every seventh year, known as the “Sabbatical year,” was a key agricultural and spiritual practice. This tradition, deeply rooted in sustainability, allowed the land to recover and regenerate after six years of cultivation, embodying a natural cycle of growth and rest. Symbolically, the Sabbatical year marked the completion of a cycle of productivity and respect for nature's rhythms, aligning human activity with the natural order. This practice was not only about land rejuvenation but also served as a reminder of a broader divine order and stewardship of the earth. Furthermore, the concept extended to the Jubilee year, observed every 50th year (after seven cycles of seven years), emphasizing rest, liberation, and restoration. This period was marked by the release of debts, the freeing of slaves, and the return of land to its original owners, reflecting a complete cycle of societal as well as environmental renewal and balance. Biblical References in Greek Tradition: In the New Testament, the Greek word "hepta" (ἑπτά) is recurrently used to symbolize perfection and divine order. This concept of seven as a symbol of completeness is evident in various instances: Seven Wounds of the Savior : Christ suffered seven wounds during his crucifixion - two in the hands, two in the wrists, two in the feet, and one from the spear in his side. These wounds are often seen as a complete testament to his sacrifice and redemption of humanity. Seven Loaves of Bread: In the miracles of Jesus, the seven loaves of bread, such as in the feeding of the four thousand (Matthew 15:34-38), symbolize not just physical sustenance but the completeness of Christ's provision. Seven Dispensations of Man : In addition to the 7 creative periods, in Christian theology, history is often divided into seven dispensations or periods, each representing a distinct era of God's dealings with humanity, from the age of innocence in Eden to the millennial reign of Jesus Christ. Matthew 18:21-22 - Seventy Times Seven: This reference to forgiveness ("seventy times seven") List of Sevens in Revelation: Seven Churches Seven Stars and Seven Candlesticks Seven Horns and Seven Eyes Seven Spirits Seven Lamps Seven Seals Seven Angels and Seven Trumpets Seven Thunders (Voices) Seven-Headed Dragon Seven Plagues and Seven Vials, etc. Each of these instances of the number seven in the New Testament carries with it a symbolic weight of totality, perfection, harmony, and the fulfillment of divine order and purpose, deeply embedded in Christian theology and eschatology. Hebraic Symbolism and Traditions: In Hebrew, the word שֶׁבַע "sheva" ( שִׁבְעִים , שִׁבְעָתַיִם שְׁבִיעִי , שְׁבַע ) often symbolizes completion, as seen in the seven days of creation, indicating the completion of the world, and the seven-branched menorah, representing the complete divine light of Jehovah. The story of Joseph's dream of seven years of plenty followed by seven years of famine and the story of Jacob having to work seven years for Leah followed by another seven years for Rachel are some of the many symbolic narratives of completeness and the cyclical nature of life. In the Hebrew language, the number seven, שֶׁבַע Sheva ( שִׁבְעִים , שִׁבְעָתַיִם שְׁבִיעִי , שְׁבַע ) is not just a numeral but also a homonym that can mean " oath , " "to swear," or "to take an oath." This dual meaning of the word underscores the symbolic connection between the number seven and the concept of a covenant or a solemn promise. A prime example of this symbolism is found in the story of Abraham in Gen 21:22-29 . In this biblical narrative, Abraham enters into a covenant with Abimelech, the king often identified as Pharaoh in Hebraic tradition. The covenant is sealed at a place named Beersheba, which translates to "well of seven" or "well of the oath." Here, Abraham offers seven ewe lambs as a tangible sign of his oath or covenant with Abimelech. This act symbolizes the agreement over water rights, which was a significant matter in their semi-nomadic context. More importantly, it facilitated Abraham's continued residence in the Promised Land, ensuring his family's ability to live and thrive there. This pattern of the number seven symbolizing completeness and covenantal promises is further manifested in the sacred rituals of Yom Kippur, or the Day of Atonement. On this holiest day in the Israelite calendar, the High Priest performed a series of intricate rituals to atone for the sins of the people and the various leaders. A central part of this ritual involved the sprinkling of blood around the mercy seat in the Holy of Holies. First, the blood of an ox, representing the sins of the leaders, was sprinkled seven times. This act was then repeated with the blood of a goat, symbolizing the sins of the people. The number seven in these rituals was significant, symbolizing not just repetition but the completeness and perfection of the atonement being sought. The ritualistic use of the number seven in these sacrifices underscored the totality of the atonement process, representing a comprehensive cleansing from sin and a full restoration of the relationship between God and His people. These instances, from the covenant of Abraham to the rituals of Yom Kippur, to the Atonement of Jesus Christ, all highlight the profound role the number seven played in both ancient Hebrew and Christian cultures. For them, seven was more than a number; it was a symbol of wholeness, completeness, harmony, perfection, and the sanctity of promises and divine ordinances, deeply embedded in the religious consciousness and practices of these faiths. 4. Temple Imagery: The references to the Temple, the Ark of the Covenant, the Tree of Life, and the Holy City allude to sacred Jewish spaces and concepts, anchoring the text in a Jewish understanding of divine presence and prophecy. 5. Prophetic Tradition: Revelation follows standard Jewish prophetic tradition. The opening two verses outlines the standard pattern for Revelation. God instructs Jesus Christ, who instructs an angel (messenger), who instructs John (a prophet), who records the vision. A record is sent to a reader, who then relates the message to the hearers. The nature of John's vision also follows a very similar pattern to the nature of prophetic visions given to earlier Old Testament prophets, such as Isaiah, Jeremiah, Daniel, Ezekiel, and others in its nature and theme, particularly pertaining to divine judgment, salvation, and symbolic language. Modern Scholars will sometimes refer to these types of visions using terms like Throne Theophany , or Merkavah (Chariot) Mysticism . These visions typically involve an individual undergoing a revelatory experience, wherein they approach and behold the Throne of God. A common theme is the initiate's journey through a heavenly realm, receiving divine insights or instructions. Ezekiel's vision is a quintessential example, where he describes Cherubim and a chariot transporting him to a divine realm to approach God's Throne . The Hebrew term " Merkavah ," meaning "chariot" from the root " rkv ," reflects this imagery. Similarly, in the Book of Revelation, John employs themes like horsemen, Cherubim, a rainbow -encircled Throne of God, with angels surrounding it singing praises. He also describes the Tree of Life and " stones of fire" ( אַבְנֵי אֵשׁ ), drawing parallels to the stones in the Breastplate of Righteousness ( Exodus 28:17-21 , 39:10-14 ; Ezekiel 28:14 , 16 ). These visionary experiences are not unique to biblical figures. The Book of Mormon recounts similar visions by prophets like Lehi, Nephi, and Alma, and even by individuals like the servant girl Abish (Alma 19), who recognized the nature of the spiritual trance experienced by King Lamoni and his queen due to her own revelatory conversion experiences. Contemporary accounts by modern Prophets and Apostles also share these themes. They often describe a challenging spiritual journey or test, culminating in a heavenly ascent to behold God's Throne. Joseph Smith's revelations in D&C 76 and 88 , detailing the Kingdoms of Glory, are examples of such visionary experiences. This pattern was symbolically reflected in ancient Temple Ordinances, particularly Yom Kippur , or the "Day of Atonement," which was previously mentioned. This was the only day of the year where a high priest, acting as a proxy for Jehovah, was able to cross over the threshold of the veil to enter into the Holy of Holies, where he would approach the mercy seat (aka Throne of God). These types of symbols and patterns are heavily utilized in the Book of Revelation, and when one knows what they are looking for, and how to identify them, these patterns pop out in powerful and meaningful ways. To understand the meanings of these kinds of texts, one should adhere to the advice of Nephi who explained that in order to understand the words of Isaiah (or Revelation), one should be educated in the learning of the Jews, 2 Nephi 25:5 Yea, and my soul delighteth in the words of Isaiah , for I came out from Jerusalem, and mine eyes hath beheld the things of the Jews , and I know that the Jews do understand the things of the prophets, and there is none other people that understand the things which were spoken unto the Jews like unto them, save it be that they are taught after the manner of the things of the Jews. If one wants to understand the Book of Revelation, one must examine it from a Jewish perspective in addition to applying ancient and modern teachings of Jesus Christ as explained by ancient and modern Prophets and Apostles. Overview: Revelation 1 Scripture Major Topics/ Themes ​Summary ​Cross-References, Videos & Resources ​Revelation 1 ​ ​ ​INT ​ Verses 1-3 ​ Introduction and Greeting ​ The Revelation of Jesus Christ: Revelation follows standard Jewish prophetic tradition. God the Father instructs Jesus Christ, who instructs His angel (messenger), who instructs His servant John (a prophet), who records the vision. The record is sent to a reader , who then relates the message to the hearers of the prophecy . ​Daniel 2:28-29 (similar introductory phrase about revealing secrets) Doctrine & Covenants 77 (Joseph Smith's explanations of Revelation) ​Verses 4-6 ​Seven Churches and the Divine Salutation Seven Churches , Spirits and Christ's Authority: The number 7, often symbolizing completeness and perfection in biblical texts, is deeply intertwined with various theological concepts. This symbolism is first observed with the seven creative periods in Genesis 1. In the Book of Revelation, John's reference to seven candlesticks echoes the pattern and reflects the design of the Menorah. The Menorah is traditionally linked to the pattern of the burning bush witnessed by Moses on Sinai and can also be related to the Tree of Life mentioned by multiple prophets, these serve as a symbols for Jesus Christ. The Menorah, mirashically interpreted as " from the light of Jehovah ," further emphasizes this connection. John's depiction of the Seven Spirits before God's throne is a powerful symbol of respect, admiration, and praise for Christ's divine role as Redeemer, the firstborn from the dead, and the principal of kings. His Atonement, a pivotal event in Christian theology, is portrayed as a washed of sins through His own blood , a concept mirrored in the Yom Kippur ritual where blood was sprinkled on the altar seven times twice, symbolizing an atonement for both leaders and common people of Israel. This dual sevenfold act, reflecting both Jesus' sacrifice and the Yom Kippur ritual, embodies a "perfect" or complete Atonement, further reinforcing the significance of the number seven in these sacred narratives. ​ Isaiah 11:2 (seven spirits of God) 1 Peter 2:9 (royal priesthood) The 7 Churches of Revelation ​Verse 7 ​The Second Coming Prophetic Declaration of Christ's Return: All will recognize Christ, it will cause some to wail when they see his piercings ( דָּקַר , הָרַג ). Clouds often symbolize divine presence and and an unveiling or veiling of mysteries νεφέλη φωτεινή. עָנָן , but also for עָב and שַׁחַק . Matthew 17:5 ; Matthew 24:30 ; Matthew 26:64 ; Mark 9:7 ; Mark 13:26 ; Mark 14:62 ; Luke 9:34 ; Luke 12:54 ; Luke 21:27 ; Acts 1:9 ; 1 Thessalonians 4:17 ; 2 Peter 2:17 ; Jude 1:12 ; Revelation 1:7 ; Revelation 10:1 ; Revelation 11:12 ; Revelation 14:14 ; of that cloud in which Jehovah is said ( Exodus 13:21 , etc.) to have gone before the Israelites to lead them in the wilderness. ​ Zechariah 12:10 (looking upon Him whom they pierced) Matthew 24:30 (coming of the Son of Man) ​Verse 8 ​ The Eternal Nature of God The Alpha and Omega : Symbolism and Linguistic Context In biblical scholarship, the terms Alpha and Omega hold significant symbolic and linguistic weight. These terms are the first and last letters of the Greek alphabet, analogous to 'A' and 'Z' in the Latin alphabet. Their usage in Revelation parallels the Aleph-Tav in the Hebrew alphabet, which holds profound implications in Judaic thought. 1. Aleph and Tav in Jewish Tradition: In the Hebrew language, Aleph and Tav (the first and last letters of the Hebrew alphabet) are used in Genesis 1:1 , the inaugural verse of the Old Testament, with the word אֵת . Notably, they function as a Definite Direct Object Marker (DDOM), a grammatical tool that points to the direct objects of a sentence – in this case, ' 'ēṯ the Heavens and 'ēṯ the Earth'. This marker, while crucial in grammatical structure, is often untranslated in English versions of the Bible. However it hold symbolic significance, as a contraction of the word אוֹת oth, which means "sign." With one "sign" in this verse pointing like an arrow to the heavens, and another pointing to the earth, one might observe a symbolic description of the Magen David, "the Shield (Star) of David "My Beloved". This could be interpreted as a symbol for Jesus Christ and the protective shield of His Atonement, which was part of the Plan of Salvation that was determined prior to the creation of this world. 2. John’s Reference to the Word : The Gospel of John opens with the phrase "In the beginning was the Word." ( John 1:1 ) This is a theme that John frequently refers to and it may be a nuanced reference to the Aleph-Tav, considering the alphabet serves as the fundamental building blocks for all words. The Hebrew word spelled Aleph-Tav (often abbreviated from אוֹת oth, Aleph-Vav-Tav) encompasses meanings such as oath, sign, token, or miracle. This could be interpreted as an allusion to divine covenants, such as the Oath and Covenant of the Priesthood . 3. Symbolism of Completeness and Eternality: The Alpha and Omega, or Aleph-Tav, symbolically represents the totality of existence – from beginning to end. This imagery suggests a cyclical, eternal nature, an eternal round , indicative of an everlasting contract or covenant between God and humanity. It underscores the concept of God as eternal and unchanging, the Almighty Shadai , an entity that encompasses all time and existence. 4. Theological Implications: In the Christian tradition, the use of Alpha and Omega as titles for Christ in Revelation emphasizes His divine nature and His role as the eternal, omnipotent God. It affirms the Christian belief in Jesus Christ as both the beginning and the end of all things, central to the divine plan of salvation. In summary, the Alpha and Omega, and its Hebraic counterpart Aleph-Tav, represent more than mere alphabetic symbols. They embody profound theological concepts of eternity, divine covenant, and the all-encompassing nature of God. This symbolism enriches the understanding of the divine narrative and God's relationship with humanity as depicted in Judeo-Christian scripture and tradition. ​Isaiah 44:6 (first and last) Rev. 1:8, 11 ; 21:6 ; 22:13 ; 3 Ne. 9:18 ; D&C 19:1 , 38:1 ; 45:7 ​Verses 9-11 ​John's Vision and Commission ​John's Call to Prophecy: John identifies himself as a brother and companion in tribulation , and describes his exile to Patmos. ​ Exodus 19:16-19 (similar theophany) Doctrine & Covenants 76 (visions of the glory of God) Who was the famous Apostle banished to the island of Patmos? ​Verses 12-16 ​Vision of the Son of Man ​ Description of the Risen Lord: Various elements like seven golden candlesticks like unto the ' Son of Man ' (see Candlestick description above, the seven dispensations of man) white hair like wool (wisdom/purity/ lamb and snow imagery), sharp two-edged sword from his mouth (Word of God), eyes like fire, golden sash ( אַבְנֵט , priesthood royalty/kingship), eyes as a flame of fire , feet like unto brass (another menorah reference) and his voice as the sound of many waters. In his right hand , seven stars , and his countenance like the sun shines in His strength. ​Daniel 7:9 , 13-14 (Ancient of Days and Son of Man) Doctrine & Covenants 110:1-4 (vision of the Lord in the Kirtland Temple) ​Verses 17-18 ​The Fearful Yet Comforting Presence of Christ ​Fear Not, I Am the First and the Last: Jesus touching John symbolizes comfort and empowerment. John describes falling at the feet of the Lord as if he were dead (a reoccuring theme with Throne Theophany accounts). Jesus comforts John, explaining that all will be well because he is the first (protos - רִאשׁון - רֹאשׁ רֵאשִׁית genesis - creation - head) and the last (eschatos as in eschatology - the study of the Last Days, the last one out, the last shall be first) and he holds all of the keys of salvation , including the keys of death and hell . ​Isaiah 41:4 (I am the first and the last) Doctrine & Covenants 6:36-37 (fear not, for I am with you) ​Verses 19-20 ​The Charge to Write ​John Command to Record the Vision: "Things which are, and things which shall be hereafter" represents the present and the future in God's plan. He explains that all of the mysteries describe will come to pass. ​Amos 3:7 (Lord reveals His secrets to His prophets) Doctrine & Covenants 128:9 (recording of sacred things) In Revelation 2, the messages to the churches in Ephesus, Smyrna, Pergamum, and Thyatira are framed within a rich tapestry of symbolism, historical references, and theological motifs. These elements together provide a comprehensive and nuanced understanding of the challenges, admonitions, and promises faced by early Christians, offering enduring insights for contemporary scholarship and faith practices. Scripture Major Topics/ Themes ​Summary ​Cross-References, Videos & Resources ​ Revelation 2 ​ ​ ​ INT Verses 1-7 ​ Message to Ephesus The Call for Perseverance and Return to First Love: The message to Ephesians is directed to a Christian community living in a city of great significance, both commercially and spiritually. Ephesus , the capital city of Ionia in Asia Minor, was a hub of early Christianity and held considerable importance in the ancient world. Notable Christian figures such as Timothy, who served as the city's bishop before his martyrdom, and John, who resided there prior to his exile to Patmos, were associated with Ephesus. 1. (v. 1) Address and continued Description of Christ: The message is from Christ, who is depicted as holding the seven stars (representing the angels or messengers of the seven churches) and walking among the seven golden lampstands (symbolizing the seven churches). Christ refers to Ephesus as one of the seven stars that walked in the midst of the seven golden candlesticks. 2. (v. 2-3) Commendation for Good Deeds and Perseverance : The Ephesian church is praised for its hard work, perseverance, and resistance to false teachings and doctrines. They have been tested and tried. Their endurance and efforts for Christ's name without growing weary are specifically commended. 3. (v. 4) Rebuke for Losing First Love: Despite their commendable deeds, the Ephesians are reproached for abandoning their initial love and fervor for God. This indicates a decline in their passionate devotion and spiritual intimacy with Christ. 4. (v. 5)Call to Repentance: Christ exhorts the Ephesians to remember their former state, repent, and return to their first love. The gravity of the situation is underscored by a warning that failure to repent will result in the removal of their candlestick from its place, symbolizing a loss of their status and light as a faithful church. 5. (v. 6) Hatred for Nicolaitan Practices : The Ephesians are commended for rejecting the practices of the Nicolaitans , a group associated with idolatry and immoral practices (makes reference to Balaam , a Mesopotamian prophet who used sex to seduce, deceive, corrupt, and ultimately condemn many Israelites. The Lord stated that these were detested practices 6. (v. 7) Promise to the Overcomer: To those who overcome, Christ promises to give the right to eat from the tree of life in the paradise of God. This is a symbol of eternal life and unending fellowship with God. In conclusion, the message to the church in Ephesus combines recognition of their strengths in diligence and doctrinal purity with a serious admonition about their waning spiritual passion. While they are diligent in their works and doctrinal correctness, their loss of initial love and zeal for Christ poses a significant spiritual danger. The call to repentance and the promise of eternal reward highlight the Lord's desire for a heartfelt relationship with His followers, not just correct doctrine and moral behavior. This passage emphasizes the balance between fervent love for God and steadfastness in truth as key elements of a vibrant Christian faith . This portion of the letter is addressed to the Ephesians , who lived in the capital city of Ionia. Ephesus was a significant city in Asia Minor, known for its commercial importance and as a center of early Christianity. Timothy served as the city's Bishop prior to his martyrdom and John lived there prior to being expelled to Patmos. Christ refers to Ephesus as one of the seven stars that walked in the midst of the seven golden candlesticks. He commends the Ephesians for their hard work, perseverance, and resistance to false teachers and doctrines, but reproaches them for losing their initial fervor and love for God. He exhorts them to repent and return to their first love, warning that failure to do so will result in their candlestick being removed, symbolizing a loss of their place among the faithful. He makes a reference to the Nicolaitans , a group that got caught up in priestcrafts and secret combinations, and later sites the doctrines of Balaam . Balaam was a Mesopotamian prophet who used sex to seduce, deceive, corrupt, and ultimately condemn many Israelites. The Lord stated that these were detested practices. ​ Acts 20:17-35 (Paul’s farewell to Ephesian elders) 1Corinthians 13:1-3 (importance of love) Why is Ephesus one of the seven churches of Revelation? ​Verses 8-11 ​Message to Smyrna Encouragement Amidst Persecution a Promises of Great Reward: The lett er to Smyrna ( Zmyrna ) of fers a message of encouragement and promises of reward amidst persecution. Smyrna, now modern-day Izmir in Turkey, was a city likely named after its significant trade in myrrh, a resin used for its antiseptic properties and in religious rites. 1. (v. 8) Address and Description of Christ: The message is from "the First and the Last," the “Alpha and Omega,” who died and rose again, referencing Christ's victory over death and Hell through the power of his Atonement and Resurrection. 2. (v. 9) Commendation Amidst Suffering: The Lord acknowledges the afflictions and poverty of the believers in Smyrna but declares them rich in spiritual terms. This paradox highlights the value of spiritual over material wealth in God's kingdom. He also mentions the blasphemy of those who claim to be Jews but their actions do not align with their values, and he refers to them as a "synagogue of Satan." This indicates a group within the religious community that was hostile to Christians, and those who believed differently than they did. 3. (v. 10) Encouragement in Persecution: The Lord warns of impending persecution, including imprisonment, and urges the believers not to fear what they are about to suffer. He advises them to remain faithful, even to the point of death, indicating the severity of the coming trials. 4. (v. 10) Promise of the Crown of Life: For those who endure, the Lord promises the "crown of life," symbolizing eternal reward and victory over trials. The term 'crown' in various forms, like 'crown of righteousness' or 'crown of salvation,' represents the eternal reward for faithfulness through adversity, echoing the concept of victory (G reek: nike , Hebrew: תְּשׁוּעָה ). 5. (v. 11) Assurance Against the Second Death: The Lord assures the faithful in Smyrna that they will not be harmed by the second death, which refers to eternal separation from God, emphasizing the eternal security of those who remain steadfast in their faith. In the broader context of Christian doctrine and scriptural symbolism, the 'crown of life' represents not only victory over physical and spiritual trials but also the accumulation of wisdom and intelligence, which is equated with the glory of Go d D&C 93:36-37 . This concept is reinforc ed in D&C 130:18 , where the acquisition of knowledge is linked to eternal progression and glory. Furthermore, the word "halo," a 'crown of light,' can be linguistically traced back to the Hebraic word " Tehillim ," denoting the Psalms or hymns of Praise . This connection highlights the transformative power of enduring faith and worship in the face of adversity. Emma Smith's call to compile a hymnal for the Sai nts in D&C 25:15 , w here she is promised a crown, aligns with these ancient traditions and a theme of expressing faith and gathering spiritual light through hymnody and praise. The glory of God is intelligence, and as one experiences the trials and adversities of life, they have the opportunity to learn, to become partakers in His glory, especially as they turn to the Lord and embrace Him, to collect light and enlightenment from Him directly, through the power of His love and His Atonement, adding oil to their reservoirs as they continually learn to reflect his light in their countenances. Overall, the message to Smyrna is a profound blend of acknowledgment of suffering, encouragement to endure in faith, and the promise of eternal rewards, encapsulating the Christian journey of transforming trials into triumph through steadfast faith and devotion. ​Daniel 3:16-18 (faithfulness in persecution) 1 Peter 1:6-7 (testing of faith) Why is Smyrna one of the seven churches of Revelation? ​Verses 12-17 ​Message to Pergamum ​Warning Against Compromising Faith: The message to Pergamum is directed to a Christian community situated in a city noted for its cultural and academic prominence, as well as its prevalent idolatrous and immoral practices. Pergamum, with its notable acropolis, was a significant city in Asia Minor during this period. 1. (v. 12) Address and warning of Christ: Christ, described as having a "sharp, double-edged sword," addresses the angel/messenger of Pergamum. Metaphorically the imagery of a " two-edged sword " ( חֶרֶב , זין ) proceeding from the mouth of Christ symbolizes the Word of God, sharp , discerning, and authoritative. It represents a dual nature: on one side, the sword/word offers protection, nourishment, education, knowledge, privilege, promises, and blessings. Conversely, neglect, misuse, or abuse of the Word can lead to dire consequences, including catastrophic curses and destruction. 2. (v. 13) Commendation Amidst Difficulties: In this passage, the Lord explains that he is aware of the works happening within the city, and he commends the church in Pergamum for maintaining their faith amidst these challenging circumstances, even referring to the city as the location where " Satan's throne " is. This metaphor not only criticizes the unrighteous governing authorities of the Roman Empire, who were persecuting and executing Christians but it also addresses the issue of idolic emperor worship. The church's faithfulness, despite the martyrdom of Antipas, a faithful witness, is specifically noted. 3. (v. 14-15) Rebuke for Doctrinal and Moral Compromise: The Lord reproaches some in the church for adhering to the teachings of Balaam and the Nicolaitans. The doctrine of Balaam is associated with leading Israel into sin and scandals through idolatry and sexual immorality , paralleling the situation described in Pergamum. The Nicolaitans , similarly, are linked to practices detested by the Lord, likely related to immorality and idolatry. 4. (v. 16) Call to Repentance: The church is urged to repent of these compromises. The warning is underscored by the mention of the "sharp, double-edged sword" from Christ's mouth, indicating that judgment will be executed swiftly through His word if they fail to repent. 5. (v. 17) Promise to the Overcomer: To those who overcome , Christ promises to give " hidden manna ," symbolizing spiritual nourishment and sustenance, and a " white stone " with a new name written on it. The white stone could be interpreted to signify acquittal in a legal sense, a metaphor for redemption, through Christ. As one enters into a covenant with Christ, they take His name upon them. (In Jewish tradition, God is sometimes referred to as HaShem , meaning “The Name .” See Mosiah 5:8 ). In the cultural and political context of the time, a white stone was sometimes used in legal proceedings, analogous to a vote for acquittal or favor. This practice is related to the use of ostrakon , or small limestone fragments, in casting judgments, which could lead to outcomes like banishment—a practice from which the term "ostracize" originates. In summary, this passage underscores the critical importance of doctrinal purity and moral integrity, especially for those living in a society rife with corruption and immorality. It emphasizes the power of God's Word in protecting, judging, and redeeming, highlighting the contrast between the consequences of disobedience and the rewards of faithfulness. ​ Numbers 22-24, 25:1-3 (Balaam’s seduction of Israel) 1 Corinthians 10:12-13 (warning against idolatry) Doctrine and Covenants 130:10–11 (new name) Pergamos: The Compromised Church ​Verses 18-29 ​Message to Thyatira ​Call for Repentance and Promise to the Faithful: The account of Thyatira presents a complex picture of a Christian community within a bustling commercial city known for its guilds and trade. 1. (v. 18) Introduction : The letter is addressed by "the Son of God," described with eyes like blazing fire and feet like burnished bronze. This imagery continues the menorah imagery previously discussed, and emphasizes judgment (eyes) and preparation/ strength/endurance (feet). 2. (v. 19) Commendation : The church in Thyatira is commended for their works, love, faith, service, and patient endurance. Their latter works are noted as being greater than the former, indicating growth and improvement in their spiritual life. 3. (v. 20-23) Condemnation: in these verses, the church is rebuked for tolerating a prophetess labeled "Jezebel," who is leading believers into corruption through sexual immorality and idolatry. The Lord gives her time to repent, but her refusal leads to a warning of severe judgment: she will be cast into a bed of suffering along with her followers, and her children will suffer intensely unless they repent. This judgment is said to demonstrate to all the churches that Christ searches hearts and minds and will repay each according to their deeds. 4. (v. 24-25) Counsel to the Faithful: To those in Thyatira who do not follow Jezebel's teachings (referred to as the "rest in Thyatira" and those who have not learned "Satan’s deep secrets"), the Lord says He will not impose any other burden on them. They are encouraged to hold firmly to what they have until Christ returns. 5. (v. 26-29) Promise to the Overcomers To those who overcome and do Christ's will to the end, He promises authority over the nations. This authority is depicted as ruling with an iron scepter and dashing them to pieces like pottery, imagery borrowed from Psalm 2, a Messianic psalm. They are also promised the "morning star," a symbol of hope and perhaps a reference to Christ Himself (as indicated in Revelation 22:16). The letter concludes with the exhortation, "He who has an ear, let him hear what the Spirit says to the churches." In summary, the letter to Thyatira in Revelation commends the church for its growing faith and service but sternly rebukes its tolerance of false teaching and immorality. It calls for repentance, offers encouragement to the faithful, and promises reward to those who overcome. The passage reflects the ongoing struggle within early Christian communities to maintain doctrinal purity and moral integrity amidst a surrounding culture often at odds with Christian values."Morning star" symbolizes hope, renewal, and Christ's promise. ​ 1 Kings 16:31 ; 21:25 (Jezebel’s influence in Israel) James 2:26 (faith without works is dead) Thyatira: The Apostate Church Revelation 3, with its messages to Sardis, Philadelphia, and Laodicea, presents a complex interplay of commendation, warning, and prophetic insight. This chapter, rich in symbolic imagery and contextual depth, offers a powerful reflection on the spiritual state of the church, both historically and in contemporary understanding. Scripture Major Topics/ Themes ​Summary ​Cross-References, Videos & Resources Revelation 3 ​ ​ ​ INT ​Verses 1-6 ​Message to Sardis ​Warning Against Spiritual Death and Encouragement to the Faithful : 1. (v. 1) Address and Description of Christ: The message is from "him who holds the seven spirits of God and the seven stars." This description of Christ emphasizes His authority and comprehensive control over the churches (the seven stars) and the fullness of the Spirit (the seven spirits). Christ declares to the church in Sardis that they have a reputation for being alive but are dead, indicating a discrepancy between their perceived spiritual vitality and their actual condition. 2. (v. 2-3) Exhortation to Wake Up: The church is urged to wake up and strengthen what remains and is about to die. This is a call for spiritual revitalization, urging them to be alert and reinforce the aspects of their community that still hold life. They are reminded to remember what they have received and heard, to obey it, and to repent. This suggests a return to the foundational truths and practices of their faith. A warning is given that if they do not wake up, Christ will come like a thief, and they will not know at what time He will come to them. This alludes to the unexpectedness of Christ's judgment or return. 3. (v. 4) Commendation of the Faithful Few: Despite the overall spiritual deadness, a few in Sardis have not soiled their clothes. They are commended for their faithfulness and are promised to walk with Christ in white, symbolizing purity. 4. (v. 5) Promise to the Overcomer : To the one who overcomes, several promises are made: They will be dressed in white garments, signifying righteousness and victory. Christ will never blot out their name from the book of life, affirming their salvation and eternal security. Christ will acknowledge their name before His Father and His angels, indicating recognition and approval in the heavenly realm. 5. (v. 6) Exhortation to Hear: The passage concludes with the familiar refrain, "Whoever has ears, let them hear what the Spirit says to the churches." This is an appeal for all believers to heed the warnings and encouragements given, not just to Sardis but to all churches.White garments symbolize purity and righteousness. ​ Ezekiel 33:31-32 (appearance of godliness but lack of true commitment) Matthew 24:42-44 (exhortation to watchfulness) ​Verses 7-13 ​Message to Philadelphia ​ Commendation for Faithful Witness and Promise of Protection: 1. (v. 7) Address and Description of Christ: The message is from "him who is holy and true, who holds the key of David." This description of Christ emphasizes His holiness, truthfulness, and authority, with the "key of David" symbolizing control over access to the kingdom of God. 2. (v. 8) Commendation and Open Door: The Lord acknowledges the church's deeds and notes that He has placed before them an open door that no one can shut. This suggests opportunities for effective ministry and witnessing, granted because of their faithfulness and limited strength. Their faithfulness is further commended in that they have kept His word and not denied His name. 3. (v. 9) Promise Regarding Opponents: A promise is made concerning those who are of the "synagogue of Satan" (those claiming to be Jews but are not). The Lord promises that He will make them acknowledge that He has loved the church in Philadelphia. 4. (v. 10) Promise of Protection: Because the church has kept His command to endure patiently, Christ promises to also keep them from the hour of trial that is going to come upon the whole world to test the inhabitants of the earth. 5. (v. 11) Imminent Return and Encouragement to Hold Fast: Christ reminds them of His imminent return and encourages them to hold on to what they have so that no one will take their crown. 6. (v. 12) Promise to the Overcomer: To those who overcome, several promises are made: They will be made a pillar in the temple of God and will never leave it. Christ will write on them the name of God, the name of the city of God (the new Jerusalem), and His new name. This signifies belonging, stability, and a shared identity with God and Christ. 7. (v. 13) Exhortation to Hear: The passage concludes with the exhortation, "Whoever has ears, let them hear what the Spirit says to the churches." In summary, the message to Philadelphia in Revelation 3:7-13 is one of commendation for the church's faithfulness and perseverance. The church is recognized for keeping Christ's word and not denying His name, despite limited strength. The promises given include protection from global trials, rewards for overcoming, and the assurance of Christ's imminent return. This message emphasizes the significance of steadfast faith and the blessings that result from enduring loyalty to Christ. "Open door" signifies opportunities for effective ministry and the spread of the gospel. Key of David, connects to the Hebrew Bible's themes of authority, promise, and divine fulfillment. These symbols offer a bridge between Christian and Jewish eschatological expectations. ​ Isaiah 22:22 (key of David, authority, and access) James 1:12 (blessing for those who persevere) ​Verses 14-22 ​Message to Laodicea ​Rebuke for Lukewarm Faith and Call for True Zeal: The message to the church in Laodicea is notable for its stark rebuke of complacency and lukewarm faith, coupled with an invitation for deeper commitment and fellowship with Christ. Laodicea, known for its wealth, banking, manufacturing of woolen garments, and a medical school that produced eye salve, is metaphorically referenced in the message. 1. (v. 14) Address and Description of Christ: The message is from Christ, described as "the Amen, the faithful and true witness, the ruler of God’s creation." This highlights His sovereignty, reliability, and authority. 2. (v. 15-17) Rebuke for Lukewarmness: Christ criticizes the Laodiceans for being lukewarm – neither hot nor cold. This metaphor suggests a state of spiritual indifference and complacency. The church's self-perception of being wealthy and needing nothing is contrasted with Christ's assessment of them being wretched, pitiful, poor, blind, and naked. This rebuke highlights their spiritual bankruptcy despite material affluence. 3. (v. 18) Counsel for True Riches: Christ advises them to buy from Him gold refined in the fire (true spiritual wealth), white clothes (representing righteousness) to cover their shame, and salve to anoint their eyes for true spiritual sight. This counsel directly addresses their materialistic self-sufficiency and spiritual blindness. 4. (v. 19) Love and Discipline: The rebuke is rooted in love, as Christ declares He disciplines those He loves and urges them to be earnest and repent. 5. (v. 20) Invitation for Fellowship: Christ invites the Laodiceans to intimate fellowship, metaphorically standing at the door and knocking. If anyone hears His voice and opens the door, He will come in and dine with them. 6. (v. 21-22) Promise to the Overcomer: To those who overcome, Christ promises the right to sit with Him on His throne, echoing His own victory and ascent to sit with His Father on His throne. The letter concludes with the call to hear what the Spirit says to the churches, an appeal for all believers to heed the warnings and encouragements given. In summary, the message to Laodicea in Revelation 3:14-22 serves as a powerful indictment of spiritual complacency and superficiality, common in a materially prosperous but spiritually deficient community. The church in Laodicea is admonished for its lukewarm faith and called to genuine repentance, spiritual richness, and deeper communion with Christ. The promises to the overcomers underscore the ultimate reward of sharing in Christ's victory and authority for those who respond with genuine faith and commitment. Lukewarm water as a metaphor for spiritual indifference. ​ Hosea 12:8 (complacency and material wealth) Matthew 25:31-46 (need for genuine commitment in faith) What does Laodicea have to do with the Book of Revelation? ​ Revelation 4 marks a transition from the messages to the individual churches to a broader cosmic perspective. It presents a vivid portrayal of God's heavenly throne (Throne Theophany) and the continuous worship He receives from all creation. This chapter is pivotal for understanding the subsequent visions in Revelation, as it sets the stage for the unfolding of divine judgments and the culmination of God's plan for the world. The vision in Revelation 4 has strong parallels with Jewish apocalyptic literature and temple imagery. The vision reflects a heavenly counterpart to the earthly temple and tabernacle,common themes found throughout the Temple literature of Judaism. Scripture Major Topics/ Themes ​Summary ​Cross-References, Videos & Resources ​Revelation 4 ​ ​ ​ INT ​Verses 1-3 ​Vision of the Heavenly Throne ​ The Majesty and Sovereignty of God: The throne represents divine authority and judgment; the rainbow symbolizes God's covenant ​ Ezekiel 1:26-28 (vision of God's glory and throne) Isaiah 6:1-3 (vision of the Lord on His throne) ​Verses 4-5 ​Twenty-Four Elders ​ Representation of the Redeemed: Twenty-four elders is related to the offices of the 12 tribes of Israel and the 12 apostles, representing a complete representation of the people of God. Exodus 24:4-11 (the elders of Israel seeing God) 1 Chronicles 24 (division of the priesthood into 24 orders) ​Verses 6-8 ​Four Living Creatures ​ The Holiness and Omnipresence of God: There are many possible interpretations for the various types of animals described in John's vision. These creatures are frequently used to represent divine attributes of God, as depicted through symbolic representation. For example, Cherubim is a figure frequently used throughout the Old Testament, it is described as having four heads. The lion is frequently used in scripture to represent majesty, power, and strength; the ox is a representation of faithful service through partnering with God in a covenantal relationship; the human face can be perceived as the attainment of wisdom through divine intelligence and charity, made possible through the Atonement of Jesus Christ; and an eagle is symbolically used to represent God’s sovereignty, His ultimate control and authority over the Universe, including all aspects of creation and history. ​Ezekiel 1:5-14 (similar creatures in Ezekiel’s vision) Isaiah 6:2-3 (seraphim proclaiming God's holiness) ​Verses 9-11 ​Continuous Worship in Heaven ​The Unceasing Praise of God: The casting of crowns before the throne signifies the acknowledgment of God as the ultimate authority and source of all blessings. ​Psalm 150 (call for everything that breathes to praise God) Daniel 7:10 (thousands serving Him) Revelation 5 Scripture Major Topics/ Themes ​Summary ​Cross-References, Videos & Resources Revelation 5 ​ ​ ​ ​Verses 1-4 ​The Sealed Scroll ​The Mystery of God's Plan (of Salvation): A scroll with seven seals , representing the comprehensive and “sealed” plan of God is introduced, representing aspects that have already come to pass as well as aspects that are awaiting fulfillment. John describes weeping because no man could be found was worthy to open it. ​Daniel 12:4, 9 (sealed book until the end of time) Isaiah 29:11-12 (book that cannot be read) ​Verses 5-7 ​The Lamb Worthy to Open the Scroll ​Christ as the Redeemer and Fulfiller of God's Plan: One of the Elders comforts John, proclaiming that the Lion ( אֲרִי , כְּפִיר ) of Judah, the root ( שֶׁרֶשׁ ) of David, is worth to loose the seals and open the Book. John beholds a lamb that had been slain standing in the midst of the elders. The lamb had seven horns ( קֶרֶן ) and seven eyes ( עַיִן ). And He came and took the book out of the right hand of him who sat on the throne. ​ John 1:29 (Jesus as the Lamb of God who takes away the sin of the world) Genesis 49:9-10 (the lion of the tribe of Judah) ​Verses 8-10 ​Worship of the Lamb ​The Lamb's Authority to Redeem and Unify Believers: When the lamb had taken the book Cherubim and the 24 elders fell before him, each of them possessing harps and golden vials that contained essences of the prayers of the saints. Those surrounding the throne sang a new song ( שִׁיר זָמַר ) that symbolized the new covenant and redemption brought about by Christ. ​1 Peter 1:18-19 (redeemed by the precious blood of Christ, as of a lamb without blemish) Exodus 12:3-13 (Passover lamb as a symbol of deliverance) ​Verses 11-14 ​Universal Praise ​ The Eternal Lordship of Christ: The myriad of angels and creatures sound together with a loud voice with the elders and beasts to sing praises to to the Lamb, acknowledging Him as Worthy , recognizing his Atonement, power, abundance, wisdom, strength, honor glory, and blessings. This represents the universal acknowledgment of Christ’s sovereignty and redemptive work. Philippians 2:10-11 (every knee should bow to Jesus) Daniel 7:13-14 (one like a son of man given dominion and glory) Church Videos & Resources Introduction to the Revelation of St. John the Divine Patterns of Light: Spiritual Revelation Why Symbols? Scripture Central Study Guide Reading Guide Lynne Hilton Wilson, " Revelation 1-11 ,"  Come Follow Me: The New Testament , 2019. Introduction to the Book of Revelation Richard D. Draper, “ Why is the book of Revelation called “The Apocalypse”? ,” BYU New Testament Commentary. Richard D. Draper, “ For whom was the book of Revelation written and why?, ” BYU New Testament Commentary. Richard D. Draper, “ Understanding Images and Symbols in the Book of Revelation ,”  Shedding Light on the New Testament: Acts–Revelation , ed. Ray L. Huntington, Frank F. Judd Jr., and David M. Whitchurch (Provo, UT: Religious Studies Center, Brigham Young University, 2009), 271–89. Richard D. Draper, "T eaching the Book of Revelation: Five Considerations ,"  Religious Educator  14, no. 1 (2013): 83–107. Thomas A. Wayment, “ Apocalyptic Imagination and the New Testament ,” in  Go Ye into All the World: Messages of the New Testament Apostles , 31st Annual Sidney B. Sperry Symposium (Salt Lake City: Deseret Book, 2002), 305–318. The Book of Mormon and the Book of Revelation Matthew S. Stenson, “ Lehi's Dream and Nephi's Vision: Apocalyptic Revelations in Narrative Context ,”  BYU Studies Quarterly  51, no. 4 (2012): 155–179. Jared M. Halverson, “ Lehi’s Dream and Nephi’s Vision as Apocalyptic Literature ,” in  The Things Which My Father Saw: Approaches to Lehi’s Dream and Nephi’s Vision  (2011 Sperry Symposium), ed. Daniel L. Belnap, Gaye Strathearn, and Stanley A. Johnson (Provo, UT: Religious Studies Center, Brigham Young University; Salt Lake City: Deseret Book, 2011), 53–69. Frank F. Judd Jr., “ What Nephi’s Vision Teaches about the Bible and the Book of Mormon ,” in  The Things Which My Father Saw: Approaches to Lehi’s Dream and Nephi’s Vision  (2011 Sperry Symposium), ed. Daniel L. Belnap, Gaye Strathearn, and Stanley A. Johnson (Provo, UT: Religious Studies Center, Brigham Young University; Salt Lake City: Deseret Book, 2011), 282–99. Jesus Christ in the Book of Revelation Richard D. Draper, “ The Exalted Lord ,”  Shedding Light on the New Testament: Acts–Revelation , ed. Ray L. Huntington, Frank F. Judd Jr., and David M. Whitchurch (Provo, UT: Religious Studies Center, Brigham Young University, 2009), 290–317. Richard D. Draper, “ The Apocalyptic Witness of the Messiah ,” in  Sperry Symposium Classics: The New Testament , ed. Frank F. Judd Jr. and Gaye Strathearn (Provo, UT: Religious Studies Center, Brigham Young University; Salt Lake City: Deseret Book, 2006), 373–393. Specific Insights in the Book of Revelation Richard D. Draper and Michael D. Rhodes, “ Revelation 1:6 and Priesthood ,” BYU New Testament Commentary. Richard D. Draper and Michael D. Rhoades, “ In Revelation chapter 4, John describes certain animals that inhabit the throne room of God. What are these animals and what is their function? ,” BYU New Testament Commentary. Taylor Halverson, “ Revelation 5-6 and 19-22. Views and Perspectives ,” The Interpreter Blog (December 6, 2015). Modern Revelation Elder Lowell M. Snow, “ Facing the Future with Hope ,”  Ensign  December 2007. Gerald N. Lund, “ Insights from the JST into the Book of Revelation ,” in  The Joseph Smith Translation: The Restoration of Plain and Precious Truths , ed. Monte S. Nyman and Robert L. Millet (Provo, UT: Religious Studies Center, Brigham Young University, 1985), 251–70. The Bible Project Book of Revelation Summary: A Complete Animated Overview (Part 1) Book of Revelation Summary: A Complete Animated Overview (Part 2) BYU’s RSC Understanding the Images and Symbols in the Book of Revelation The Apocalyptic Witness of the Messiah Teaching the Book of Revelation: Five Considerations Additional Videos & Insights The Seven Churches of Revelation New Testament History, Culture, and Society Early Church History Timeline 0 to 500 AD ( PDF version, download )

For those who want to examine Biblical passages in greater depth, BlueLetterBible.org is an excellent and free online tool designed for in-depth Bible study. It offers a wealth of resources including various translations of the Bible, commentaries, dictionaries, and tools for original language study. The site is particularly useful for those who want to explore the Bible's Hebrew and Greek texts, even without prior knowledge of these languages. Here's a breakdown of some key terms and features you'll encounter on BlueLetterBible.org: 1. Lexical Resources: A lexicon is a specialized dictionary that focuses on the words of a particular language, a specific field of study, or a distinct body of literature. Unlike standard dictionaries, lexicons often provide more detailed information about words, including their meanings, pronunciations, history, usage, and grammatical forms. In the context of language studies, especially for ancient languages like Greek, Hebrew, or Latin, a lexicon typically includes comprehensive details about word origins, root forms, and various nuances of meaning that may have changed over time or in different contexts. For example, in Biblical studies, a Greek or Hebrew lexicon provides in-depth interpretations of words found in the Bible, crucial for understanding the texts in their original languages. Lexicons are invaluable resources for scholars, translators, and students, offering deeper insights into the specific vocabulary of a language, including its idiomatic and cultural nuances. They are essential tools for academic research, particularly in fields like linguistics, philology, theology, and historical studies. Blue Letter Bible provides the following Lexical Resources: BLB Lexicon Page : Includes Word, Translation, Transliteration, Roots, Breaks down the Parts of Speech, provides Word Count etc. Outline of Biblical Usage Brown-Driver-Briggs Hebrew Lexicon Gesenius' Hebrew-Chaldee Lexicon Vine's Expository Dictionary of NT Greek Words Trench's Synonyms Strong's Definitions In addition to basic definitions, Strong's provides numerical classification that frequently cross over to other more up to date references. Strong's is a very old references, organized in 1890, so more up to date scholarship is available through Thayer's (Greek), Brown-Driver-Briggs (Hebrew) Thayer's Greek Lexicon 2. Concordance : A concordance is a reference tool used primarily for studying texts, most commonly the Bible. It is an alphabetical list of the principal words used in a book or body of work, with their immediate contexts. In a Bible concordance, for example, every significant word is listed alphabetically along with a citation of the biblical verses in which the word appears. Concordances serve several purposes: 1. Easy Location of Passages: They help readers find specific passages in the text, even if they only remember a few key words. 2. Word Study: Concordances are useful for studying how particular words are used in various contexts throughout the text. This is especially helpful in biblical studies for understanding the nuances of language and translation. 3. Thematic Research: They assist in thematic studies by enabling the exploration of all the verses related to a specific theme or topic. 4. Linguistic Analysis: In the case of ancient texts like the Bible, concordances can aid in understanding the original language, as they often include the original Hebrew, Greek, or Aramaic words alongside their English translations. Blue Letter Bible offers 3 Concordances: English Concordance Hebrew Concordance Greek Concordance 3. Morphology /Parsing Tools: In biblical studies, particularly on resources like BlueLetterBible.org, morphology and parsing tools are used to dissect and examine the grammatical structure of words in the Bible's original languages—( Hebrew Codes for the Old Testament and Greek Inflection Tool for the New Testament). This process involves identifying the base form of a word and analyzing its grammatical attributes, including tense, voice, and mood for verbs, and case, number, and gender for nouns. Additionally, these tools clarify each word's function and placement within a sentence, aiding in a deeper understanding of the biblical text. The parsing tools on BlueLetterBible.org are designed and integrated into the text to help users understand the grammatical details of the texts. Here's how these tools generally work: Access Tool: When you look up a verse on BlueLetterBible.org, and click on the tool link, several tabs appear, allowing one to view the material from multiple perspectives. There is even a tab for the Septuagint so one can look at the Hebrew to Greek translation. Different hyperlinks are listed in each viewing format that offer additional information: translations, pronunciations, Strong's identification numbers, parsing information, root identifications, different translations, cross-references, commentaries, and so forth. These links can take the viewer to other pages that provide additional information. (Example Genesis 1:1 , Matthew 1:1 ) Detailed Grammatical Breakdown and Inflection Tools: If you click on the parsing information in the circular box, detailed information will appear that breaks down the way the word is used in text. For example, if the word is a Greek verb, the tool will show information such as its tense (e.g., present, past), voice (e.g., active, passive), and mood (e.g., indicative, imperative). If it’s a noun, it will show the case (e.g., nominative, accusative), number (singular or plural), and gender (masculine, feminine, neuter). ( Hebrew Codes for the Old Testament and Greek Inflection Tool for the New Testament): Root Word and Definitions: Along with the grammatical breakdown, these tools will often show the root form of the word and its basic definition, which can be crucial for understanding a root word's full range of meanings and implications in different contexts. Comparative Study: By parsing words, users can compare how the same word or root is used in different parts of the Bible, which can illuminate varied nuances or consistent themes. These parsing features are particularly valuable for those who want to delve deeper into the original languages of the Bible without requiring extensive knowledge of Hebrew or Greek. This can open up a more nuanced understanding of the biblical texts and can be a key tool in advanced Bible study. 4. Grammars : For those wanting to take a deeper dive into the languages of the Old and New Testament, Blue Letter Bible offers some decent introductory textbooks for both Hebrew and Greek Grammar. These resources can at least get one started with basic things such as the alphabet, pronunciations, various cases, and such. Simplified Hebrew Grammar - by Justin Alfred Simplified Greek Grammar - by Justin Alfred BlueLetterBible.org integrates these tools in a very intuitive manner, allowing users to conduct comprehensive studies of biblical texts, compare translations, and explore the deeper meanings of scripture while one is immersed in the text. For online tutorials to help you learn how to more fully navigate this resource, check out the Blue Letter Bible YouTube tutorial link .

CFM: November 27–December 3 1–3 John ; Jude Videos and Podcasts Video/ Podcast ​Lesson Extension ​Additional Materials Scripture Central 1–3 John; Jude Study Guide Follow Him 1–3 John; Jude Part 1 , Part 2 Transcripts Line Upon Line 1–3 John; Jude Teaching with Power 1–3 John; Jude ​ Don't Miss This 1–3 John; Jude ​ ​CFM New Testament 1–3 John; Jude ​Unshaken 1–3 John; Jude ( Part 1 , Part 2 ) ​ ​The Interpreter Foundation 1–3 John; Jude ​Study helps by Jonn Claybaugh ​Teaching Helps with John Hilton 1–3 John; Jude ( Not yet posted ) ​ ​Ponderfun 1–3 John; Jude ( Not yet Posted ) ​Talking Scripture 1–3 John; Jude Show Notes ​Hurricane Utah Adult Religion Class , New Testament The Epistles of 1, 2, & 3 John : Notes , Slides , Handout Resources and Insights about this Week's Lesson the Johannine Epistles (1 John, 2 John, and 3 John) are attributed to the Apostle John to address theological, ethical, and practical concerns within early Christian communities. The writings bear many similarities to John's other writings, the book of John in the Gospels as well as the Book of Revelation. 1, 2, and 3 John were likely composed in the late 1st century AD, probably around 95-110 AD, although some scholars suggest even later dates. These letters were directed towards a community of early Christians who were facing profound challenges and difficulties. During this period, the nascent Christian church grappled with a multitude of formidable obstacles, including severe persecution, internal divisions, the influence of false teachers, doctrinal confusion, and contentious debates regarding the nature of Christ and Christian conduct. The backdrop for these challenges was a tumultuous period in history. The Jewish-Roman war had culminated in the destruction of Jerusalem and its Temple, resulting in the deaths of over a million Jews. Christians, too, were not spared from persecution, enduring intense hostility under the reigns of Roman emperors like Nero (54-68 AD) and Domitian (81-96 AD). Numerous campaigns of extermination led to the martyrdom of countless Christians, including prominent figures like Peter and Paul. By this juncture, John stood as the last surviving Apostle, witnessing and addressing the trials faced by the Christian community during this turbulent era. Ancient History: Rome If You Want To, Nero Persecutes Christians (EP2) - Drive Thru History Christian Persecution during the Early Roman Empire: Nero and Domitian It is within the sobering historical context of intense persecution that we delve into the writings of John. This backdrop of a challenging social and political climate profoundly shaped the delivery and reception of these writings. Many scholars contend that specific passages in John's works, notably in the Book of Revelation, deliberately employ symbolism and veiled language to communicate messages and prophecies that would have been perilous to articulate openly in the face of Roman persecution. This is particularly evident in the Book of Revelation, renowned for its pervasive use of symbolism, vivid imagery, and apocalyptic language. A prevailing view among scholars is that John deliberately embraced this symbolic language as a means to convey messages of encouragement and hope to the beleaguered Christian communities, all the while safeguarding the true meaning from the watchful eyes of Roman authorities. In this way, the Book of Revelation served as both a source of spiritual sustenance and a covert source of resistance against the oppressive forces of persecution. Through its intricate symbolism, it offered comfort to those who sought solace in its message and concealed its deeper revelations from potential adversaries, thus allowing messages of faith and endurance to endure in the face of adversity. Likewise, in his Gospel and epistles (1 John, 2 John, 3 John), John consistently employs metaphorical language and explores intricate theological concepts that invite deep contemplation. It is suggested by some that this deliberate stylistic choice served a twofold purpose. On one hand, it facilitated the communication of profound spiritual truths to the Christian community, nurturing their understanding of essential doctrines and encouraging their growth in faith. On the other hand, this enigmatic approach potentially created a barrier, making it more demanding for outsiders or persecutors to fully comprehend the message. In a climate where Christian beliefs were viewed with suspicion and hostility, this use of metaphor and deep theology could have acted as a protective veil, shielding the core teachings and beliefs of the Christian community from external threats. While outsiders might have struggled to grasp the full significance of John's writings, the intended audience—fellow believers—could delve into the depths of these spiritual insights and truths, finding solace, guidance, and spiritual nourishment in the midst of adversity. In this way, John's writings not only conveyed theological richness but also provided a means of resilience for a persecuted Christian community while navigating treacherous waters. Given the challenging circumstances of the time, and the years that have passed between, the writings we delve into throughout the rest of our New Testament can be a lot more challenging to comprehend. Many references and means of communications that were employed by these early Christians remain elusive to us today. Nevertheless, it is reasonable to infer that they drew upon a common pool of writings and examples known to their fellow believers, particularly those found within the realm of scripture. To decipher the teachings embedded in these writings, a good approach is to carefully examine the references they made. Notably, it is important to understand that not all of these references are included in our current Biblical Canon, some of the sourced texts, particularly those found in Jude, are derived from the Apocrypha and Pseudo-Apocrypha . These texts, while not part of our canonical Scriptures today, held a degree of familiarity and importance within the Early Christian communities. By examining these references and exploring the context of how they were utilized, one can gain helpful insight into trying to make sense of some of the more cryptic passages. This type of examination can help one to unlock the deeper meanings and intentions behind these writings, even as we acknowledge the inherent historical and textual challenges. Overview 1 John 1 introduces key Johannine themes like the reality and incarnation of Jesus Christ, the concept of God as light, and the importance of living truthfully in this light. It stresses the necessity of acknowledging sin, the availability of God's forgiveness, and the importance of authentic fellowship with God and fellow believers. The epistle serves as a guide for understanding the Christian life as a balance of divine truth, personal integrity, and communal harmony. Scripture Major Topics/ Themes ​Summary ​1 John 1 , ​ INT ​ ​ ​ 1 John 1:1-4 ​ Introduction to the Word of Life ​ The Manifestation of the Word (1:1) Cross-reference: John 1:1 , 14 , Genesis 1:1 – The Word made flesh. Beginning ἀρχῆς , רֵאשִׁית . Word of Life λόγου τῆς ζωῆς , דָּבָר , also אֵת / אות , אֹמֶר , and מִלָּה ; Cross-reference: Luke 24:39 – Physical reality of Christ post-resurrection. Purpose of Proclamation (1:2-3) Cross-reference: John 20:31 – Purpose of written testimony about Jesus. Manifest ἐφανερώθη , בָּרַר Cross-reference: Acts 4:20 – Apostles’ witness of what they have seen and heard. Declare ἀπαγγέλλομεν , שָׁמַע Joy in Fellowship (1:4) Cross-reference: John 15:11 – Jesus' teachings for complete joy. Joy χαρὰ , שִׂמְחָה and שָׂשׂון Cross-reference: Philippians 4:4 – Call to rejoice in Christian fellowship. Fellowship κοινωνία , תְּשׂ֫וּמֶת ​ 1 John 1:5-7 ​ God is Light and Fellowship with Him ​ God as Light (1:5) Cross-reference: John 8:12 – Jesus as the light of the world. Light φῶς , אור . Darkness σκοτία , חֲשֵׁכָה Cross-reference: Psalm 104:2 – God clothed in light. Walking in Light vs. Darkness (1:6-7) Cross-reference: John 3:19-21 – Contrast of light and darkness, opposition in all things. Cross-reference: Ephesians 5:8 – Christians as children of light. Walk in the Light. Walk: περιπατῶμεν , הָלַך ; ​ 1:8-10 ​ The Reality of Sin and Confession ​ Deception of Sinlessness (1:8) Cross-reference: Romans 3:23 – All have sinned. Cross-reference: Proverbs 20:9 – No one can claim purity from sin. Confession and Forgiveness (1:9) Cross-reference: Psalm 32:5 – Confession leading to forgiveness. Cross-reference: James 5:16 – Confess sins to one another. Denial of Sin as Calling God a Liar (1:10) Cross-reference: Romans 9:1 – Paul's truthfulness in Christ. Cross-reference: Jeremiah 17:9 – The deceitfulness of the heart. 1 John 2 delves deeper into the themes of fellowship, obedience, and love, contrasting the world's ways with God's commands. It warns against antichrists and deceivers, emphasizes the importance of abiding in Christ, and underscores the new yet old commandment of love. Scripture Major Topics/ Themes ​Summary ​1 John 2 , INT ​ ​ ​ 1 John 2:1-2 ​ Christ Our Advocate ​ Christ the Righteous Advocate (2:1) Cross-reference: Hebrews 7:25 – Christ lives to intercede. Cross-reference: Romans 8:34 – Christ intercedes for us. Propitiation for Sins (2:2) Cross-reference: Romans 3:25 – Christ as a sacrifice of atonement. Cross-reference: Hebrews 2:17 – Christ as a merciful and faithful high priest. ​ 1 John 2:3-6 ​ Obedience as Evidence of Knowing God ​ Knowing God Through Keeping the Commandments (2:3-4) Cross-reference: John 14:15 – If you love me, keep my commandments. Cross-reference: James 2:17-18 – Faith demonstrated through deeds. Perfection in Obedience (2:5-6) Cross-reference: Matthew 5:48 – Be perfect as your heavenly Father is perfect. Cross-reference: Philippians 1:6 – God will complete the work He started. ​ 1 John 2:7-11 ​ The Old and New Commandment ​ The Commandment of Old Made New (2:7-8) Cross-reference: Leviticus 19:18 – Love your neighbor as yourself. Cross-reference: John 13:34 – A new commandment to love one another. Living in Light and Love (2:9-11) Cross-reference: Matthew 5:14-16 – You are the light of the world. Cross-reference: 1 Corinthians 13:2 – Without love, I am nothing. ​ 1 John 2:12-14 ​ Addressing Various Groups in the Community ​ Children, Fathers, and Young Men (2:12-14) Cross-reference: Psalm 103:13 – God’s compassion on His children. Cross-reference: Ephesians 6:10 – Be strong in the Lord. ​ 1 John 2:15-17 ​ Warning Against Love of the World ​ Do Not Love the World (2:15) Cross-reference: James 4:4 – Friendship with the world is enmity with God. Cross-reference: Romans 12:2 – Do not be conformed to this world. The Nature of Worldly Desires (2:16-17) Cross-reference: Matthew 6:24 – You cannot serve both God and mammon. Cross-reference: Galatians 5:16-17 – The flesh desires what is contrary to the Spirit. ​ 1 John 2:18-23 ​ Warning Against Antichrists ​ The Coming of the Antichrist (2:18-19) Cross-reference: Matthew 24:24 – False Christs and false prophets. Cross-reference: 2 Thessalonians 2:3 – The man of lawlessness. Anointing and Truth (2:20-21) Cross-reference: John 16:13 – The Spirit of truth. Cross-reference: 2 Corinthians 1:21 – God has anointed us. Denial of the Son and Father (2:22-23) Cross-reference: John 14:6 – No one comes to the Father except through me. Cross-reference: Matthew 10:33 – Whoever denies me before others, I will deny. ​ 1 John 2:24-29 ​ Remain in Him ​ Abiding in the Teaching (2:24-25) Cross-reference: John 15:4 – Abide in me, and I in you. Cross-reference: 2 John 1:9 – Anyone who runs ahead and does not continue in the teaching. The Promise of His Coming (2:26-28) Cross-reference: Matthew 24:42 – Keep watch, because you do not know on what day your Lord In 1 John 3, the apostle explores the profound identity of Christians as children of God, emphasizing its transformative impact. The chapter draws a stark contrast between the righteousness inherent in this divine relationship and the sinfulness of the world. It underscores the critical importance of love, righteousness, and the indwelling Holy Spirit as hallmarks of genuine faith. This section of scripture distinctly separates the godly path of love and moral integrity from worldly ways, calling believers to embrace a life marked by love, righteous behavior, and confident faith. Scripture Major Topics/ Themes ​Summary ​ 1 John 3 INT ​ ​ 1 John 3:1-3 ​​ Children of God and Future Hope ​ Love and Identity as God’s Children (3:1) Cross-reference: Romans 8:16 – The Spirit testifies we are God's children. Cross-reference: Galatians 3:26 – Faith in Christ Jesus makes us children of God. Future Transformation (3:2-3) Cross-reference: Philippians 3:20-21 – Our bodies transformed to be like His glorious body. Cross-reference: 2 Corinthians 7:1 – Purifying ourselves in hope of His coming. ​ 1 John 3:4-10 ​ Sin, Lawlessness, and Righteousness ​ Sin as Lawlessness (3:4) Cross-reference: Romans 6:1-2 – Should not continue in sin. Cross-reference: James 2:10 – Breaking one law equals breaking all. Christ’s Purpose and Righteousness (3:5-7) Cross-reference: Matthew 1:21 – Jesus will save His people from their sins. Cross-reference: Hebrews 4:15 – Jesus was without sin. Children of God vs. Children of the Devil (3:8-10) Cross-reference: John 8:44 – The devil as the father of lies. Cross-reference: Matthew 13:38 – The good seed and the sons of the kingdom. ​ 1 John 3:11-18 ​ Love One Another ​ The Message from the Beginning: Love (3:11) Cross-reference: John 13:34 – A new commandment to love one another. Cross-reference: Leviticus 19:18 – Love your neighbor as yourself. Cain as an Example of Worldly Hatred (3:12) Cross-reference: Genesis 4:4-8 – Cain’s jealousy and murder of Abel. Cross-reference: Jude 1:11 – Woe to them! They have taken the way of Cain. The World’s Hatred vs. Christian Love (3:13-18) Cross-reference: John 15:18-19 – The world hates you because you are not of the world. Cross-reference: James 2:15-16 – Faith without deeds is dead. ​ 1 John 3:19-24) ​ Confidence Before God ​ Assurance in God’s Presence (3:19-20) Cross-reference: Romans 8:1 – No condemnation for those in Christ Jesus. Cross-reference: Hebrews 4:16 – Approach God’s throne with confidence. Obedience and Belief (3:21-23) Cross-reference: John 6:29 – The work of God is to believe in the one He has sent. Cross-reference: Matthew 7:21 – Not everyone who says 'Lord, Lord' will enter the kingdom. The Spirit as Confirmation (3:24) Cross-reference: Romans 8:9 – If anyone does not have the Spirit of Christ, they do not belong to Christ. Cross-reference: Ephesians 1:13-14 – The Holy Spirit as a deposit guaranteeing our inheritance. 1 John 4 explores the nature of divine love and its implications for believers. It starts with a call for discernment against false teachings, particularly regarding Christ's incarnation, and emphasizes God's love as both the source and model for Christian love. The chapter vividly illustrates how perfect love casts out fear and underscores the inseparable connection between loving God and loving others. This passage affirms that living in God's love is essential for confidence in faith and in the day of judgment. Scripture Major Topics/ Themes ​Summary ​1 John 4 INT ​ ​ ​ 1 John 4:1-6 ​ Testing the Spirits ​ Discerning True and False Prophets (4:1) Cross-reference: Matthew 7:15 – Beware of false prophets. Cross-reference: 2 Peter 2:1 – False prophets among the people. Recognition of the Spirit of God (4:2-3) Cross-reference: John 1:14 – The Word became flesh. Cross-reference: 2 John 1:7 – Many deceivers deny Jesus Christ’s coming in the flesh. Overcoming the World (4:4-6) Cross-reference: John 16:33 – Overcome the world. Cross-reference: 1 Corinthians 2:12-14 – The Spirit understands the things of God. ​ 1 John 4:7-12 ​ God's Love and Ours ​ The Source of Love (4:7-8) Cross-reference: John 13:34-35 – Love one another as I have loved you. Cross-reference: Romans 5:8 – God demonstrates His own love. Manifestation of God's Love in Christ (4:9-10) Cross-reference: John 3:16 – God so loved the world. Cross-reference: Romans 8:32 – God did not spare His own Son. Loving One Another (4:11-12) Cross-reference: Matthew 22:39 – Love your neighbor as yourself. Cross-reference: Ephesians 4:32 – Be kind and compassionate to one another. ​ 1 John 4:13-16 ​ Assurance of God's Presence ​ God’s Spirit as Assurance (4:13) Cross-reference: Romans 8:16 – The Spirit testifies with our spirit. Cross-reference: 2 Corinthians 1:22 – The Spirit as a deposit guaranteeing what is to come. Confession and Abiding in God (4:14-16) Cross-reference: John 15:4 – Abide in me, and I in you. Cross-reference: John 6:69 – We have come to believe and to know. ​ 1 John 4:17-21 ​ Love Perfected and Fear Cast Out ​ Confidence in the Day of Judgment (4:17-18) Cross-reference: 2 Timothy 1:7 – God has not given us a spirit of fear. Cross-reference: Romans 8:1 – No condemnation for those in Christ Jesus. The Relationship Between Love for God and Love for Others (4:19-21) Cross-reference: Matthew 25:40 – Whatever you did for the least of these, you did for me. Cross-reference: James 2:8 – If you really keep the royal law found in Scripture, “Love your neighbor as yourself.” 1 John 5 concludes the epistle by reinforcing the themes of faith, love, and obedience. It emphasizes the victory that comes through faith in Jesus Christ, the Son of God, and discusses the assurance of eternal life for believers. The chapter also addresses the power of prayer and the understanding of sin, culminating in the assurance of knowledge and relationship with God. Scripture Major Topics/ Themes ​Summary ​1 John 5 INT ​ ​ ​ 1 John 5:1-5 ​ Faith, Love, and Obedience ​ Belief in Jesus as the Christ (5:1) Cross-reference: John 1:12 – To all who did receive Him, He gave the right to become children of God. Cross-reference: Galatians 3:26 – You are all children of God through faith. Love and Obedience to God (5:2-3) Cross-reference: John 14:15 – If you love me, keep my commandments. Cross-reference: 2 John 1:6 – Love is walking according to His commandments. Victory Through Faith (5:4-5) Cross-reference: Romans 8:37 – More than conquerors through Him who loved us. Cross-reference: 1 Corinthians 15:57 – Thanks be to God who gives us the victory. ​ 1 John 5:6-12 ​ The Testimony About the Son of God ​ Witness of the Spirit, Water, and Blood (5:6-8) Cross-reference: John 19:34 – Blood and water from Jesus’ side. Cross-reference: Matthew 3:16-17 – The Spirit descending like a dove at Jesus’ baptism. Belief in the Testimony of God (5:9-12) Cross-reference: John 3:33 – Whoever accepts His testimony certifies that God is truthful. Cross-reference: John 5:24 – Whoever hears my word and believes has eternal life. ​ 1 John 5:13-17 ​ Assurance of Eternal Life and Confidence in Prayer ​ Assurance of Eternal Life in the Son (5:13) Cross-reference: John 20:31 – These are written that you may believe and have life. Cross-reference: John 10:28 – I give them eternal life, and they shall never perish. Confidence in Prayer (5:14-15) Cross-reference: Matthew 7:7 – Ask and it will be given to you. Cross-reference: James 1:6 – Ask in faith, without doubting. Understanding Sin and Intercession (5:16-17) Cross-reference: James 5:16 – Pray for each other so that you may be healed. Cross-reference: Galatians 6:1 – Restore someone caught in sin gently. ​ 1 John 5:18-21 ​ Final Affirmations and Warnings ​ Protection from Sin for the Born of God (5:18) Cross-reference: John 8:36 – If the Son sets you free, you will be free indeed. Cross-reference: Psalm 121:7 – The Lord will keep you from all harm. Knowing the True God vs. the World (5:19-20) Cross-reference: John 17:3 – This is eternal life: to know you, the only true God. Cross-reference: 2 Corinthians 4:4 – The god of this age has blinded the minds of unbelievers. Warning Against Idols (5:21) Cross-reference: 1 Corinthians 10:14 – Flee from idolatry. Cross-reference: Exodus 20:3-4 – You shall have no other gods before me. 2 John is a succinct epistle that encapsulates key Johannine themes of love, truth, and obedience within the Christian faith. It warns against the dangers posed by false teachers and deceivers, particularly those who deny the incarnation of Jesus Christ. The letter urges adherence to the commandment of love and living in accordance with the teachings of Christ. The personal tone of the epistle, coupled with its emphasis on practical Christian living and doctrinal purity, makes it a poignant message for its original recipients and contemporary readers alike. Scripture Major Topics/ Themes ​Summary ​2 John 1 INT ​ ​ ​ 2 John 1-3 ​ Greeting and Affirmation of Love and Truth ​ Affirmation of the Elect Lady and Her Children (1) Cross-reference: 1 Peter 1:2 – Chosen according to the foreknowledge of God. Cross-reference: Ephesians 1:4-5 – Chosen in Him before the foundation of the world. Love in Truth (2) Cross-reference: Ephesians 4:15 – Speaking the truth in love. Cross-reference: John 14:6 – Jesus as the way, the truth, and the life. Blessing of Grace, Mercy, and Peace (3) Cross-reference: Romans 1:7 – Grace to you and peace from God our Father. Cross-reference: Philippians 4:7 – The peace of God which surpasses all understanding. ​ 2 John 4-6 ​ Joy and Commandment to Love ​ Joy in Children Walking in Truth (4) Cross-reference: 3 John 1:4 – No greater joy than to hear my children walk in truth. Cross-reference: Proverbs 23:24 – The father of the righteous will greatly rejoice. Commandment to Love (5-6) Cross-reference: John 13:34 – A new commandment to love one another. Cross-reference: 1 John 3:23 – And this is His commandment. ​ 2 John 7-11 ​ Warning Against Deceivers and Antichrists ​ Deceivers Denying Christ’s Coming (7) Cross-reference: 1 John 4:2-3 – Every spirit that acknowledges Jesus Christ has come in the flesh. Cross-reference: Matthew 24:24 – False Christs and false prophets. Exhortation to Abide in the Doctrine of Christ (8-9) Cross-reference: Hebrews 2:1 – We must pay more careful attention to what we have heard. Cross-reference: Galatians 1:8 – But even if we or an angel preach another gospel. Warning Against Welcoming False Teachers (10-11) Cross-reference: Romans 16:17 – Avoid those who cause divisions. Cross-reference: 1 Corinthians 5:11 – Not to associate with anyone who claims to be a brother or sister but is sexually immoral or greedy. ​ 2 John 12-13 ​ Conclusion and Final Greetings ​ Desire to Speak Face to Face (12) Cross-reference: 3 John 1:13-14 – I hope to see you soon and we will talk face to face. Cross-reference: 1 Thessalonians 2:17 – But, brothers and sisters, when we were orphaned by being separated from you for a short time. Greetings from the Children of the Elect Sister (13) Cross-reference: Romans 16:16 – Greet one another with a holy kiss. Cross-reference: 1 Corinthians 16:20 – All the brothers and sisters here send you greetings. 3 John, the shortest book in the New Testament, is a personal letter from the apostle John to Gaius, a beloved member of the early Christian community. This epistle focuses on themes of hospitality, truth, and the contrast between godly and ungodly leaders in the church. It commends Gaius for his faithful service and support of Christian missionaries and warns against the domineering and uncooperative behavior of Diotrephes. Scripture Major Topics/ Themes ​Summary ​ 3 John INT ​ ​ ​ 3 John 1-4 ​ Greeting and Commendation of Gaius ​ Greeting and Prayer for Gaius’ Well-being (1) Cross-reference: 1 Timothy 4:8 – Godliness is beneficial for all things, holding promise for the present life and the life to come. Cross-reference: Philippians 2:4 – Look not only to your own interests but also to the interests of others. Joy in Gaius’ Faithfulness (2-4) Cross-reference: 2 John 1:4 – I rejoiced greatly to find some of your children walking in the truth. Cross-reference: Proverbs 23:24 – The father of a righteous child has great joy. ​ 3 John 5-8 ​ Commendation of Hospitality and Support for Missionaries ​ Praise for Hospitality to Brothers and Strangers (5) Cross-reference: Hebrews 13:2 – Do not forget to show hospitality to strangers. Cross-reference: Matthew 25:35 – I was a stranger and you invited me in. Encouragement to Continue Supporting Missionaries (6-8) Cross-reference: Philippians 4:16-17 – You sent me aid more than once. Cross-reference: Acts 20:35 – It is more blessed to give than to receive. ​ 3 John 9-12 Condemnation of Diotrephes and Commendation of Demetrius ​ ​ Criticism of Diotrephes’ Behavior (9-10) Cross-reference: Matthew 20:25 -26 – Not so with you; whoever wants to become great among you must be your servant. Cross-reference: Galatians 5:26 – Let us not become conceited, provoking and envying each other. Praise for Demetrius’ Good Reputation (11-12) Cross-reference: 1 Timothy 3:7 – He must also have a good reputation with outsiders. Cross-reference: Acts 16:2 – He was well spoken of by the brothers at Lystra and Iconium. ​ 3 John 13-15 ​ Conclusion and Final Greetings ​ Desire to Visit and Speak Face to Face (13-14) Cross-reference: 2 John 1:12 – I have much to write to you, but I do not want to use paper and ink. Cross-reference: 1 Thessalonians 2:17 – But, brothers and sisters, when we were orphaned by being separated from you for a short time. Final Greetings and Benediction (15) Cross-reference: Romans 16:16 – Greet one another with a holy kiss. Cross-reference: 1 Corinthians 16:20 – All the brothers and sisters here send you greetings. The Epistle of Jude is a powerful and urgent call to defend the Christian faith against false teachings and immoral behavior. Jude uses historical examples to illustrate the dangers of apostasy and highlights the characteristics of false teachers. He encourages believers to build themselves up in faith, pray in the Holy Spirit, and show mercy to those who are doubting. The letter concludes with a beautiful doxology, praising God for His ability to keep believers from falling and to present them blameless before His glorious presence. Scripture Major Topics/ Themes ​Summary ​ Jude INT ​ ​ ​ Jude 1-4 ​ Introduction and Purpose of the Letter ​ Greeting and Benediction (1-2) Cross-reference: Romans 1:7 – Grace and peace to you from God our Father and the Lord Jesus Christ. Cross-reference: Philippians 1:2 – Grace and peace to you from God our Father and the Lord Jesus Christ. Urgent Appeal to Contend for the Faith (3-4) Cross-reference: Galatians 1:6-9 – Warning against a different gospel. Cross-reference: 2 Peter 2:1-2 – False prophets among the people, bringing destructive heresies. ​ Jude 5-16 ​ Condemnation of False Teachers ​ Historical Examples of Judgment (5-7) Cross-reference: 1 Corinthians 10:5-6 – God was not pleased with most of them; their bodies were scattered in the wilderness. Cross-reference: 2 Peter 2:4-6 – God did not spare angels when they sinned. Characteristics of False Teachers (8-13) Cross-reference: 2 Peter 2:10-13 – Bold and arrogant people who are not afraid to heap abuse on celestial beings. Cross-reference: 1 John 2:19 – They went out from us, but they did not really belong to us. Prophecy of Enoch Against the Ungodly (14-16) Cross-reference: 1 Enoch 1:9 – Enoch, the seventh from Adam, prophesied about these men. Cross-reference: 2 Peter 2:17-18 – These men are springs without water and mists driven by a storm. ​ Jude 17-23 ​ Exhortation to the Faithful ​ Remember the Apostles' Warnings (17-19) Cross-reference: 2 Timothy 3:1-5 – In the last days, there will be terrible times. Cross-reference: Acts 20:29-31 – Savage wolves will come in among you and will not spare the flock. Building Faith and Praying in the Holy Spirit (20-21) Cross-reference: Ephesians 6:18 – Pray in the Spirit on all occasions with all kinds of prayers and requests. Cross-reference: Romans 8:26 – The Spirit helps us in our weakness. Mercy Toward Those Who Doubt (22-23) Cross-reference: Galatians 6:1 – Restore someone gently if someone is caught in sin. Cross-reference: 2 Timothy 2:25 – Gently instruct, in the hope that God will grant them repentance. ​ Doxology ​ Doxology: a short hymn of praise to God, "doxa," meaning "glory," and "logia," meaning "word, saying, logic" ​ Praise to God Who Keeps Us from Falling (24-25) Cross-reference: Romans 16:25 – To him who is able to establish you by my gospel. Cross-reference: Ephesians 3:20-21 – To him who is able to do immeasurably more than all we ask or imagine. Church Videos & Resources Becoming like Him Overcoming the World Scripture Central Study Guide Reading Guide 1–3 John; Jude Lynne Hilton Wilson, " 1-3 John; Jude ,"  Come Follow Me: The New Testament,  2019. Overview of John’s Epistles W. Jeffrey Marsh, “ Twilight in the Early Churc h,” in  Go Ye into All the World: Messages of the New Testament Apostles , 31st Annual Sidney B. Sperry Symposium (Salt Lake City: Deseret Book, 2002), 319–334. The Light and Love of God Matthew O. Richardson, “ The Love of God ,” in  Sperry Symposium Classics: The New Testament , ed. Frank F. Judd Jr. and Gaye Strathearn (Provo, UT: Religious Studies Center, Brigham Young University; Salt Lake City: Deseret Book, 2006), 150–161. John H. Groberg, “ The Power of God’s Love ,”  Ensign,  November 2011. M. Russell Ballard, “ God’s Love for His Children ,”  Ensign , May 1988.  “Has ‘no man…seen God at any time’?” Taylor Halverson, “ Women in the Scriptures Who Have Seen God, ”  LDS Living , March 2019. “ How Can I Respond When my Friends Say that no Man Can See God? ”  New-Era , August 2011. James Stutz, “ Can a Man See God? 1 Timothy 6:16 in Light of Ancient and Modern Revelation,”  Interpreter: A Journal of Mormon Scripture  8 (2014): 11–26. David Rolph Seely, “ Created in the 'Image and Likeness of God ': Apprentices in the Master's Workshop,”  Religious Educator  14, no. 2 (2013): 29-41. Overcoming the World through Faith in Christ Terrance D. Olson, “Agency and Self-Deception in the Writings of James and 1 John,” in  Go Ye into All the World: Messages of the New Testament Apostles , 31st Annual Sidney B. Sperry Symposium (Salt Lake City: Deseret Book, 2002), 290–304. Neil L. Andersen, “ Overcoming the World, ”  General Conference April 2017. Jude’s Epistle Gaye Strathearn, “ The Overlooked Epistle of Jude ,”  Shedding Light on the New Testament: Acts–Revelation , ed. Ray L. Huntington, Frank F. Judd Jr., and David M. Whitchurch (Provo, UT: Religious Studies Center, Brigham Young University, 2009), 227–46. The Bible Project Books of 1-3 John Summary: A Complete Animated Overview Book of Jude Summary: A Complete Animated Overview BYU’s RSC The Overlooked Epistle of Jude Twilight in the Early Church The Love of God Created in the “Image and Likeness of God”: Apprentices in the Master’s Workshop Additional Videos & Insights New Testament History, Culture, and Society Early Church History Timeline 0 to 500 AD ( PDF version, download )

CFM: November 20–26 1 and 2 Peter Videos and Podcasts Video/ Podcast ​Lesson Extension ​Additional Materials Scripture Central 1 & 2 Peter Study Guide Follow Him 1 & 2 Peter Part 1 , Part 2 Transcripts Line Upon Line 1 & 2 Peter Teaching with Power 1 & 2 Peter ​ Don't Miss This 1 & 2 Peter ​ ​CFM New Testament 1 & 2 Peter Peter & Paul's Paradoxical Passages on Women ​Unshaken 1 & 2 Peter ( Part 1 , Part 2 ) ​ ​The Interpreter Foundation 1 & 2 Peter ​Study helps by Jonn Claybaugh ​Teaching Helps with John Hilton 1 & 2 Peter ( Not yet posted ) ​ ​Ponderfun 1 & 2 Peter ​Talking Scripture 1 & 2 Peter Show Notes ​Hurricane Utah Adult Religion Class , New Testament The Epistles of 1 & 2 Peter : Notes , Slides , Handout Resources and Insights about this Week's Lesson The Epistle of Peter, a cornerstone of the New Testament, is traditionally attributed to Saint Peter, one of the twelve apostles of Jesus Christ. Peter, originally named Simon, was a fisherman by trade before becoming a pivotal figure in early Christianity. The name Peter comes from the Greek petros which was a translation of the Syriac/Aramaic kefa . This is why Peter's name appears in the Septuagint and some of Paul's letters as Cephas . Both Petros and Cephas mean "stone or rock," and this was a nickname the Savior gave to Peter (Matt 16:18 INT ). Renowned for his close association with Jesus, Peter's leadership, passion, and his role as a witness to the resurrection were integral to the spread of early Christianity. The epistle was likely written between AD 60 and 65, a period marked by significant challenges for early Christians. The Roman Empire, under Emperor Nero, was becoming increasingly hostile towards Christians, leading to intense persecution. This historical backdrop is crucial in understanding the epistle's themes of suffering, perseverance, and hope. Peter's Audience Peter's primary audience was Gentile Christians dispersed across Asia Minor (modern-day Turkey), who faced persecution and societal alienation. His message also resonated with Jewish Christians, who were confronting severe opposition in Jerusalem and surrounding areas. The relationship between Jews and Romans had been tense since the Roman conquest of Israel in 66 BC, escalating dramatically by 65 AD. Jewish zealot groups targeting Roman garrisons prompted severe Roman retaliation, leading to a full-scale war that culminated in the destruction of Jerusalem and the Temple in 70 AD, resulting in over 1.1 million Jewish deaths. During this upheaval, Christians, often emerging from Jewish communities, faced challenges similar to the Jews. Armed with Jesus' teachings, particularly those from his Olivet Discourses, they were forewarned of impending crises, including Jerusalem's imminent destruction. Under leaders like Peter, many Christians avoided the direct fallout of the Jewish-Roman conflict, by heeding Jesus' warnings and following the Prophet and Apostles. However, this didn't completely shield them from suffering. Some were inadvertently caught in the crossfires, while others attracted unwanted Roman scrutiny. Additionally, internal disputes within the Christian community, especially between Jewish and Greek members, often required Roman intervention, this led to numerous court proceedings and even riots, furthering feelings of distrust and animosity. This increased scrutiny from Roman authorities, coupled with the distinct religious practices of Christians and Jews, markedly different from mainstream Roman culture, fueled suspicion and hostility towards them, leading to systematic Christian persecutions. Peter's Epistle was written in this context, just prior to the war crisis and his martyrdom. Peter anticipated these events and helped to prepare the Christian community for the escalating persecution that would soon follow. These letters served as both a theological treatise and a practical survival guide. Peter aimed to comfort and unite followers of Christ, emphasizing the importance of strong faith to navigate the challenging times ahead, much like President Nelson has been doing during his remarkable tenure. Peter's teachings prepared the Christian community spiritually and mentally for impending trials, fostering resilience and perseverance amidst tremendous adversity. The Letter (Literary Form and Significance) The Epistle of Peter, structurally similar to Hellenistic letters like those of Paul, follows a traditional format with a salutation, a substantial body of moral teachings and exhortations, and a concluding doxology. The epistle's refined Greek prose, given Peter's background as a Jewish fisherman, is remarkable and indicative of his intellectual and spiritual transformation as an apostle of Jesus Christ. This is further highlighted by his collaboration with the scribe Silvanus (1 Peter 5:12), a partnership that raises questions about the exact nature of Silvanus ' role in the development of the document. Silvanus, also known as Silas was a faithful Gentile companion to Paul during several of his missions. While it's uncertain whether Silus merely transcribed Peter's dictations or actively contributed to the composition, the sophisticated Greek language and deep understanding of Hebraic scriptures in the letters suggest a blend of both Jewish and Hellenistic influences. This collaboration between Peter and Silvanus symbolizes Peter's personal and spiritual growth, marking his transition from a Jewish-centric view of Christianity to a more inclusive perspective. This shift was pivotal in the early church's history, exemplifying the harmonious transformation possible within Christ's kingdom—a community capable of embracing and integrating individuals from diverse cultures and backgrounds as one unified body. Peter's partnership with Silvanus, a Roman citizen known for his ties to both Jewish and Gentile communities, demonstrates a matured and developed perspective. This collaboration highlights a melding of viewpoints, showcasing a shift in Peter's approach, indicating his broader acceptance of Gentile believers into the Christian fold. This evolution in Peter's attitude, as evidenced in the collaborative nature of the epistles, is a significant development in early Christian leadership. It showcases the dynamic ability of its leaders to grow and adapt in their understanding and practice of their faith to become more refined and more Christlike. In summary, Peter's epistle, with its sophisticated blend of Greek and Hebraic elements, is a testament to his intellectual and spiritual journey. His evolution from a humble fisherman to a leader capable of composing such an impactful document reflects his deepened commitment to Jesus' teachings and his dedication to Christ's broader community. Peter's use of the Septuagint The Septuagint is an ancient Greek translation of the Hebrew Scriptures, significant for its role in bridging the Jewish and early Christian worlds. It was widely used in the Hellenistic Jewish community and by early Christians, many of whom spoke Greek as their primary language. Peter's use of the Septuagint in his writings is notable because it demonstrates his effort to connect with a broader audience, including Hellenistic Jews and Gentiles familiar with the Greek version of the Scriptures. In his epistles, Peter skillfully integrates elements from the Septuagint, weaving references and themes from the Hebrew Scriptures to underscore the connection between Jewish and Christian beliefs. This technique not only highlights the continuity of the Christian faith with its Jewish roots but also places the experiences of the early Christian community within the broader narrative of Israel's history. By using the Septuagint, Peter makes his message more relatable and impactful to his original audience, who were familiar with these ancient texts. Moreover, Peter's use of parallels from the Septuagint has enduring relevance. They resonate with modern readers by drawing parallels between the early Christian challenges and those anticipated in the Last Days, making his counsel pertinent as the Second Coming approaches. This guidance offers wisdom for contemporary believers navigating modern life's complexities. Peter's epistle thus serves both immediate and timeless purposes. It addresses the needs of the early Christian community while providing teachings adaptable to believers throughout history, particularly in anticipation of the Second Coming. Exploring the epistle in the Septuagint's context adds layers of meaning to Peter's references, illustrating his theological insights and the fulfillment of Old Testament prophecies in Jesus Christ's life and mission. Overall, the Epistle of Peter stands as a profound blend of guidance, theological reflection, and moral wisdom. It offers timeless lessons in faith, hope, and perseverance amid adversity and encourages believers today to learn from Peter's example by broadening horizons, overcoming prejudices, and embracing diverse perspectives, focusing on what unites us in Christ. Overview: 1 Peter 1 serves as an introduction to the epistle, setting the tone for the themes of hope, faith, and endurance amidst trials. It addresses Christians facing persecution and suffering, offering them encouragement and a reminder of their salvation and the eternal hope in Jesus Christ. Peter's references to the Septuagint not only reinforces Peter's points but also connects the Christian experience with the rich heritage of Jewish scripture, illustrating the continuity of God's plan through both the Old and New Testaments. Scripture Major Topics/ Themes ​Summary ​Cross-References, Videos & Resources 1 Peter 1 ​ ​ ​INT ​ Verses 1-2 ​ Salutation: Greeting and Blessing ​Peter addresses the " elect exiles " scattered throughout various regions as part of the family of Abraham, highlighting God's foreknowledge , the sanctifying work of the Spirit, and obedience to Jesus Christ. (see 1 Peter 1:14,18; 4:3-4; Genesis 18:19, 23:4; Isaiah 41:8) ​Romans 8:29, Acts 2:23 ​ Verses 3-5 ​ A New Living Hope, New Identity, & New Family in Christ ​Introduction to Poetic song that covers vs. 3-12. Verses 3-5 Focus on the idea of being Born Again into a living hope through the resurrection of Jesus Christ and the incorruptible inheritance reserved in heaven for those who develop a new family identity with Him. ​Ephesians 1:18 (hope and inheritance), John 1:12–13 , John 3:3–7 INT , Mosiah 27:25–26 ( Alma 5:49 ), Alma 5:12–19 , D&C 5:16 , Moses 6:59 ​ Verses 6-9 ​ Rejoicing in Trials ​Joy and Faith Amidst Suffering because these trials of faith serve to test, refine, and prove the disciples of Jesus Discusses rejoicing in various trials, testing of faith, and learning to know and see Jesus. The faithful's willingness to endure suffering can deepen their faith and serve as their witness for Christ as they learn to steady their focus on Him continually. ​James 1:2-4 (trials and testing of faith) ​ Verses 10-12 ​ Salvation Prophesied Prophecy of Salvation Search diligently how the prophets prophesied the grace that was to come and examine the Spirit's role in indicating the sufferings of Christ and subsequent glories through the revelations of angels. ​Isaiah 53 (sufferings of Christ) ​ Verses 13-16 ​ Call to Holy Living ​ Holiness and Obedience Instructions to gird up one's loins for holy living, sober-mindedness, and obedience, not conforming to former ignorance and desires. Exodus 12:11 "gird up your loins",​Leviticus 11:44 (call to holiness, "You shall be holy, for I am holy") ​ Verses 17-21 ​The New Family: Living as God's Children Redemption and Faith Emphasis on living in reverence, remembering the precious blood of Christ, the spotless and unblemished lamb of God, who was foreordained from before the foundations of the world and resurrected, offering hope to the faithful children of God. ​Exodus 12-15 (The New Exodus & Passover), Isaiah 53:7 (the Lamb of God) ​ Verses 22-25 ​The New Covenant: Love for One Another ​Love and the Enduring Word of God purifying the obedient, pure in heart, and true in Spirit Emphasis on the call to love one another earnestly and to be born again as an incorruptible seed that receives nourishment from the living and enduring word of God ​Leviticus 19:18 INT (love for neighbor); Isaiah 40:6-8 INT (transient nature of humanity and the enduring word of God), Jeremiah 31 1 Peter 2 This chapter presents a rich tapestry of themes and teachings, deeply intertwined with Old Testament references, particularly from the Septuagint. The chapter can be divided into several primary themes, each encompassing various verses. Scripture Major Topics/ Themes ​Summary ​Cross-References, Videos & Resources 1 Peter 2 ​ ​ INT ​ Verses 1-3 ​ Spiritual Growth and the Word of God ​ Verse 1: Encourages believers to rid themselves of all malice, deceit, hypocrisy, envy, and slander. Verse 2-3: Urges believers to crave pure and sincere spiritual milk, akin to newborn babies, for growth. ​Isaiah 28:16, Psalm 34:8 (Septuagint reference) for experiencing the Lord's goodness. ​ Verses 4-8 The New Tempe: ​Living Stones and a Spiritual House ​ Verse 4-5: Describes Jesus as the living cornerstone and believers as precious living stones chosen to build a spiritual house ( family ), and priesthood ., worthy to offer acceptable sacrifices to God through Jesus Christ Verse 6: References Isaiah 28:16 about the precious (priceless) chief and elect cornerstone in Zion. Verse 7-8: Jesus is precious to faithful builders but a stone of stumbling and offense to non-believers, referencing Isaiah 8:14 and Psalm 118:22. Isaiah 28:16: The cornerstone in Zion. Isaiah 8:14 (Vs. 7-8): The stone of stumbling. Psalm 118:22 (Vs. 7): The stone rejected by builders. Verses 9-10 ​ The Identity of Believers as New Kingdom of Priests ​ Verse 9: Portrays believers as a chosen race, royal priesthood , and a holy nation who have been called into the marvelous light , echoing Exodus 19:6. Verse 10: Refers to Hosea 2:23 about God's mercy on those who were not His people, but who have obtained mercy. ​Exodus 19:4-6 (Vs. 9): A royal priesthood and a holy nation. Hosea 2:23 (Vs. 10): Mercy on those who were not God's people. ​ Verses 13-17 ​ Submission to Authority ​ Verse 11-14: Pleads for God's people, strangers and pilgrims to abstain from the fleshy lusts that war against the soul. He counsels them to be honest and upright in their conversations and dealings among the Gentile nations and to refrain from speaking evil. Through their good works, they will glorify God. He encourages the saints that trials and persecution can bring clarity. Calls for saints to honor and submit to worldly authorities for the Lord's sake (Government, principalities, magistrates, masters, etc.) While some scenarios are crooked , violent resistance solves nothing, and it betrays one of the messages of Christ, who willingly submitted to worldly authorities. Verse 15-16: Encourages living as free people, but not using freedom as a cover-up for evil. Verse 17: Summarizes the behavior towards everyone: Honor the brotherhood, love God, and respect the king. ​ ​ Verses 18-25 ​ Christ as the Example in Suffering ​ Verse 18-20: Peter uses slaves as examples, describing the oppression they sometimes endure when trying to exhibit grace while living in unfavorable and corrupt situations. Verse 21-23: Jesus is presented as an example who carried his burdens with patience and suffered without sin, guile, or deceit. When he was reviled, he did not revile again. When he suffered, he did not threaten those who judged him righteously Verse 24-25: Peter references Isaiah 53:4-6, speaking of Jesus bearing our sins on the cross so he could lead us back to the Father as a shepherd and bishop of our souls. ​Isaiah 53:4-6 (Vs. 24-25): Jesus bearing our sins. 1 Peter 3 Peter extends his teachings of the previous chapters, focusing on specific relationships and behaviors, particularly within marriage, and expands on the theme of suffering for righteousness. He includes references to Old Testament scripture, using the wording of the Septuagint. Peter reinforces the importance of righteous behavior in all aspects of life, particularly within the context of relationships and in the face of unjust suffering. It also deepens the understanding of Christ's role as the ultimate example of suffering for righteousness and his triumph over death. Scripture Major Topics/ Themes ​Summary ​Cross-References, Videos & Resources 1 Peter 3 ​ ​ ​ INT ​ Verses 1-7 ​ Instructions for Wives and Husbands ​ Verse 1-2: Peter likewise uses women as examples of mediators and shepherds. He encourages wives to be submissive to their husbands so that if any man does not obey the word, they might still be won by the conversation of their wives. In other words, through the faithful obedience of the wife to the word, her husband might also be won. Peter explains that women and slaves have been liberated through Christ, but they should not fight against injustice with hostile aggression, rather they should follow the Savior's example by showing chaste conversation, greater love, and generosity. Verse 3-4: Peter emphasizes the value of inner beauty over external adornment, describing a meek , gentle, humble , and peaceful spirit to be most precious and of great value to the Lord (Matt 13:45-46 - a pearl of great price). Verse 5-6: References the ancient matriarch's faith in putting their trust in God. Through their grace and humble submission, they were able to bless their husbands and families. Peter refers to Sarah and her obedience to Abraham, calling him lord, even when he sent her off to Pharaoh. Because of her grace and faith in God, He delivered Sarah, thereby securing a great fortune for Abraham through her, preserving their familial line, and making the blessings of the priesthood available to the seed of Abraham and the whole of his posterity (Genesis 18:12). Verse 7: Instructs that husbands should be considerate and kind to their wives. As members of God's Church, they should know that they should regard their wives with honor , as equals and joint heirs before God, valued partners worthy of love and respect. ​Genesis 18:12 (Verse 6): Sarah's obedience to Abraham. ​ Verses 8-12 ​ Call to Harmonious Living ​ Verse 8-9: Acknowledges that there will still be problems in the world but assures the faithful that there will be a future vindication. In the meantime, he advises all to be of one mind , sympathetic, courteous, and humble, not vindictive, rendering evil for evil, or slander for slander, but to do the opposite and to bless those who curse us. He uses Christ as the ultimate example of one who died for the sins of his enemies and was thereby exalted as king over all Verse 10-12: Quotes Psalm 34:12-16 about loving life and seeing good days, seeking peace and pursuing it, even in the midst of evil. ​Psalm 34:12-16 (Verse 10-12): A passage about loving life and seeking peace. ​ Verses 13-17 ​ Suffering for Doing Good ​ Verse 13-14: Assures blessings for those who suffer for righteousness, referring to Isaiah 8:12-13 about not fearing what others can do. Verse 15: God can sanctify our hearts, so we are always ready to give a defense of hope with gentleness and respect. Verse 16-17: Encourages saints to maintain a good conscience so that false accusations are confounded , and even if we suffer unjustly, it is better than doing evil. ​Isaiah 8:12-13 (Verse 14): Encouragement not to fear what the world fears. ​ Verses 18-22 ​ Christ's Suffering and Triumph ​ Verse 18: Christ suffered for the sins of all, the righteous and the unrighteous, being put to death in the flesh, to be quickened by the Spirit, to bring that would follow unto God. Verse 19-20: Speaks of Christ preaching to spirits in prison. He references Noah and the eight souls saved from the flood. Verse 21-22: Peter likens baptism to Noah's ark as a symbol of salvation, ending with Christ's resurrection and ascension back to heaven, thereby granting Him authority over angels, jurisdictions , and powers. Genesis 7 ​1 Peter 4 Peter explores the themes of suffering, Christian living, and the end times, offering guidance for facing judgment and trials. This chapter, drawing from the Septuagint, focuses on the transformative journey of a Christian. It exhorts believers to align their lives with God's will, practice hospitality, utilize their gifts for service, and remain faithful through trials. This passage acts as a compelling call to embody godliness, love, and service amidst adversities and in anticipation of the end times. It challenges Christians to elevate their way of living, drawing inspiration from Christ's suffering and the promise of future glory. Scripture Major Topics/ Themes ​Summary ​Cross-References, Videos & Resources 1 Peter 4 ​ ​ ​INT ​ Verses 1-6 ​ Living for God's Will ​ Verse 1-2: Encourages Christians to arm themselves with the same attitude as Christ concerning suffering, forgoing the desires of mortality for the will of God. Verse 3-4: Highlights the contrast between the past times of sin and the current times of godliness. Verse 5-6: Speaks of judgment for the living and the dead, emphasizing the gospel's reach into the Spirit World (Spirit Prison). ​ ​ Verses 7-11 ​ The End and Conduct Verse 7: States the nearness of the end and calls for sober-mindedness and prayer. Verse 8-9: Urges above all, fervent charity for one another, explaining that charity can cover a multitude of sins. He encourages members to be hospitable , without grudges and grumbling. Verse 10-11: Peter encourages those who have received the gift of God to serve others as good stewards , ministering and glorifying God through Jesus Christ. He describes the oracles of God, the Urim and Thummim within the breastplate ( חֹשֶׁן chôshen ), and how that ancient wisdom was used help ministers speak divine utterances with the power and authority of Jesus Christ. ​ ​ Verses 12-19 ​ Suffering as a Christian ​ Verse 12-13: Reframes trials as sharing and partaking in Christ's sufferings , that when endured in faith can lead to exceeding joy. Verse 14-16: Blessings for those reproached for the name of Christ, referencing Isaiah 11:2 and Matthew 5:11-12. Verse 17-18: Speaks of judgment beginning with God's household, alluding to Proverbs 11:31. Verse 19: Encourages those who suffer according to God's will to commit themselves to their faithful Creator and continue to do good. ​Isaiah 11:2 (Verse 14): The Spirit of the Lord will rest on him—the Spirit of wisdom and understanding. Proverbs 11:31 (Verse 17-18): The righteous and the wicked receiving their rewards. 1 Peter 5 This concluding chapter of the epistle directs exhortations to both elders and believers, centering on humility, vigilance, and faith steadfastness. Peter offers guidance on leadership and mutual submission, highlighting the importance of coping with adversities in a spirit of humility and resilience. This final chapter emphasizes practical aspects of Christian leadership and life within the community, underscoring the need for mutual care and perseverance through trials. Serving as an apt conclusion, it reiterates the epistle’s core themes of suffering, grace, and glory, while focusing less on Old Testament references and more on the lived experience of the Christian community and hope. 1 Peter 5 does not explicitly cite verses from the Septuagint in the same manner as some of the earlier chapters of the epistle. This chapter primarily focuses on practical instructions and exhortations for church leaders and all believers. Key themes and messages one can glean from this chapter include: Leadership as Service: Elders are to lead not by compulsion but willingly, serving as examples rather than seeking power or gain. Universal Humility: The call for humility applies to all members of the Christian community, not just to the young or the leaders. Casting Cares on God: Encourages believers to trust God with their anxieties and concerns, emphasizing His care for them. Vigilance Against Adversity: Recognizes the reality of spiritual warfare and the need for alertness and resistance against evil forces. Hope in Suffering: Continues the theme of hope and restoration after suffering, assuring that God will strengthen and establish His followers. Scripture Major Topics/ Themes ​Summary ​Cross-References, Videos & Resources 1 Peter 5 ​ ​ ​INT Verses 1-4 ​ Exhortation to Elders ​ Verse 1-2: Urges elders to shepherd God's flock willingly and eagerly, not for personal gain but for a ready mind . Verse 3: Advises against being domineering, but rather being examples to the flock . Verse 4: Promises the unfading crown of glory when the Chief Shepherd appears. ​ ​ Verses 5-7 ​ Call to Humility and Casting Cares on God ​ Verse 5: Encourages younger people to submit to elders and all to clothe themselves with humility and grace. Verse 6-7: Advises humility under God’s mighty hand for exaltation in due time. He invites us to cast all our cares and anxieties on Him because he cares about us and about the things we care about and struggle with. ​ ​ Verses 8-11 ​ Vigilance and Steadfastness in Resisting Evil with Firm Faithfulness ​ Verse 8-9: Admonishes members to be sober and vigilant. He warns that the devil is prowling like a roaring lion, seeking those he can devour. Calls for steadfastness in faith and resisting him. Verse 10-11: Assures that after suffering, God will restore, confirm, strengthen, and establish believers. Attributes dominion to God forever. ​ ​ Verses 12-14 ​ Final Greetings and Benediction ​ Verse 12: Mentions Silvanus (Silas) and confirms the letter's purpose as encouragement and affirmation of true grace. Verse 13-14: Sends greetings from the church in Babylon (Rome serving as the corrupt archetype) and Mark (John Mark, the writer of the Gospel), Peter urges peace to all in Christ, and ends with a blessing. ​Jeremiah 50-51 2 Peter 1 2 Peter 1 is a poignant and instructive chapter where Peter, aware of his impending martyrdom, emphasizes the growth in faith and knowledge of Jesus Christ. He urges believers to develop Christian virtues, confirming the authenticity of the apostolic message and the divine origin of Scripture. Growth in Christian Virtues: Peter underscores the importance of actively cultivating virtues such as goodness, knowledge, self-control, and love. This active cultivation is seen as integral to a maturing faith, reflecting a deeper understanding and commitment to Christian principles. Assurance in Faith: Peter calls for believers to seek confirmation of their calling and election. This emphasis on assurance is not just about salvation but also about living a life that reflects one's faith and calling in Christ. Authenticity of Apostolic Teaching: In defending the authenticity and divine origin of apostolic teachings, Peter asserts their reliability and truth, countering skeptics and affirming the foundational truths of the Christian faith. 2 Peter 1 not only sets the thematic foundation for the rest of the epistle, focusing on knowledge, moral excellence, and the trustworthiness of the apostolic message, but also carries a sense of urgency and solemnity. Peter's awareness of his nearing martyrdom adds a layer of gravity to his exhortations. He writes not only to instruct but also to leave a lasting legacy of faith and truth for future generations, ensuring that the core truths of Christianity are preserved and passed on even after his departure. Scripture Major Topics/ Themes ​Summary ​Cross-References, Videos & Resources 2 Peter 1 ​ ​ ​ ​ Verses 1-2 ​ Greeting and Divine Power ​ Verse 1: Introduction of Peter and his audience. Verse 2: Prayer for grace and peace through the knowledge of God and Jesus. ​ ​ Verses 3-4 ​ God's Promises and Partaking in the Divine Nature ​ Verse 3: God's power has given everything needed for a godly life, grace through the knowledge of God, which brings peace. Verse 4: Promises of partaking in the divine powers/ nature of God, allowing believers to escape the world's corruption through developing Christ-like virtues . ​Proverbs 2 ​ Verses 5-9 ​ The Call to Spiritual Growth ​ Verse 5-7: Encouragement to add to faith, diligence , goodness , virtue , knowledge , temperance /self-control, patience /perseverance, brotherly kindness / mutual affection, and charity /love. Verse 8-9: The fruitful results of these qualities versus the blindness and amnesia of forgetting one's cleansing from past sins. ​ ​ Verses 10-11 Assurance of Calling and Election ​ Verse 10-11: Urges believers to give sure diligence to their calling and election , promising that those who do so shall not fail, and they will receive a rich entrance into the eternal kingdom of the Lord. ​ ​ Verses 12-15 ​ The Reliability of Apostolic Witness ​ Verse 12-15: Peter's commitment to reminding followers to remember these truths, even as his death approaches, that his words will serve as a memorial of his testimony. ​ ​ Verses 16-21 ​ The Divine Origin of Prophetic Message ​ Verse 16-18: Peter sends a message to the counter present and future skeptics who try to raise doubt regarding the testimonies of Christ and the Apostles. Asserts that the apostolic message is not based on cunningly devised fables and traditions of their ancestors but on eyewitness accounts of Christ's majesty (Mark 9). He reminded readers of the account of the Father when He said, "This is My Beloved Son , in Whom I am Well pleased ." Verse 19: More sure prophecy , likened to a light shining in a dark place until the dawn breaks and the daystar arises in our hearts. Verse 20-21: Peter explains this is when knowledge of prophecy will become fully manifest and that mankind will finally understand that no prophecy of scripture is of private interpretation . Mankind will then understand the ancient prophecies of the past and that these prophecies do not originate from human will but they are inspired by the power of the Holy Spirit . ​ 2 Peter 2 is a forceful warning about the dangers of false teachers and their heresies. Peter uses intense language and imagery to highlight the corrupt nature of these deceivers and the severe consequences of their teachings. He underlines the serious threat they pose to the Christian community and emphasizes divine judgment, drawing on Old Testament examples to demonstrate the gravity of their actions. The chapter vividly portrays the immoral conduct of these false prophets, warning of the dire outcomes for those who forsake the true faith. This passage serves as a strong admonition, urging believers to remain firm in their faith and discerning of truth, alert to the risks of apostasy and deception. Scripture Major Topics/ Themes ​Summary ​Cross-References, Videos & Resources ​ 2 Peter 2 ​ ​ ​ INT ​ Verses 1-3 ​ The Rise of False Prophets and Their Judgment ​ Verse 1: Warns about false prophets among the people, as in the past, who will secretly introduce destructive heresies . These false teachers covet power, seeking gain and pleasure, preaching damnation, and even denying the Atonement. Verse 2-3: Predicts that many will ignorantly follow the depraved teachings and conduct of these false priests, buying their lies like merchandise . Peter warns that these false teachers will face severe judgment for exploiting believers. ​ ​ Verses 4-9 ​ Historical Examples of Divine Judgment ​ Verse 4: Peter gives examples of those who faced such consequences. He references fallen angels cast out for their rebellion, describing their judgment. (1 Enoch, Genesis 6) Verse 5: He describes Noah's era as an example of God's judgment on the ungodly and His preservation of the righteous. Verse 6-8: He uses the destruction of Sodom and Gomorrah as an example of what happens to the ungodly. He references the escape of Lot, and the toll this influence had on him and his family. Verse 9: Peter provides assurance that the Lord knows how to rescue the godly from their temptations and punish the wicked. ​ Verses 10-16 ​ Characteristics of False Priests and Teachers ​ Verse 10-12: Describes false teachers as lustful , walking after the flesh, bold, arrogant, unclean, presumptuous, self-willed, accusative evil speakers, ignorantly reveling in their own corruption and ultimate destruction. Verse 13-14: Peter describes their narcissistic and adulterous indulgences and deceptions, describing how these individuals take sport in causing riots, and how they cannot cease from sinning. They are unstable and have exercised and mastered the craft of covetous practices , even to the point of abusing, exploiting, and cursing ( קְלָלָה ) children. Verse 15-16: They have forsake the correct path and follow the way of Balaam and Bosor , from Numbers 22 as an example of their greed. ​ ​ Verses 17-22 ​ The Futility and Doom of False Teachers ​ Verse 17-19: Peter use metaphors to describe the emptiness and entrapment of false teachings: wells without water, clouds without tempest that are carried into the mist of darkness forever Verse 20-22: The worse state of those who turn away after escaping the pollutions of the world, knowing the way of righteousness, alluding to Proverbs 26:11, as a dog that returns to its own vomit and pig that washes her filth in the mire. ​ 2 Peter 3 emphasizes the significance and certainty of the Day of the Lord, underscoring the importance of being prepared for Christ's return. Addressing skepticism about the Second Coming, the chapter reaffirms the event's inevitability and stresses the need for believers to lead holy lives in anticipation. Peter counters doubts with strong affirmations of God's promises, urging Christians to live in a manner that reflects their hope and faith in Christ's return, highlighting the profound impact of this belief on Christian conduct and commitment to godliness. Scripture Major Topics/ Themes ​Summary ​Cross-References, Videos & Resources ​2 Peter 3 ​ ​ ​ INT ​ Verses 1-4 ​ Reminder of the Promise of Christ's Coming ​ Verse 1-2: Peter reminds the readers of the prophets’ and apostles’ words. Verse 3-4: Warns about scoffers in the last days who pursue their own lusts, doubting the promise of Christ’s return. ​Jude 1:18, where similar warnings about scoffers are mentioned. ​ Verses 5-7 ​ Refutation of the Scoffers ​ Verse 5-6: Points out that scoffers deliberately forget God's past judgments, like the Flood. Verse 7: The present heavens and earth are reserved for fire , foretelling future judgment. ​Genesis 6-9 Flood; Psalm 102:26 old heavens and earth passing away. ​ Verses 8-9 ​ The Lord's Patience and the Concept of Time ​ Verse 8: One day is like a thousand years to the Lord, and vice versa. Verse 9: The Lord is patient, not wanting anyone to perish but everyone to come to repentance. ​Psalm 90:4 concept of time with God. ​ Verses 10-13 ​ The Day of the Lord ​ Verse 10: The Day of the Lord will come unexpectedly, like a thief in the night, bringing destruction to the heavens and the earth. Verse 11-12: Calls for holy and godly living in anticipation of the Day of God. Verse 13: Promise of new heavens and a new earth where righteousness dwells. ​Isaiah 65:17, 66:22 new heavens and new earth ​ Verses 14-16 ​ Exhortation to Godly Living ​ Verse 14-15: Encourages believers to live spotless and blameless lives, considering the Lord’s patience as salvation. Verse 16: Warns about the misuse of Paul’s writings and other Scriptures. ​Romans 2:4 God's patience leading to repentance. ​ Verses 17-18 ​ Final Warning and Doxology ​ Verse 17: A warning to be on guard against the deceit of lawless people. Verse 18: Encourages growth in the grace and knowledge of Jesus Christ, concluding with a doxology. ​Hebrews 13:9 being strengthened by grace Church Videos & Resources Joy and Spiritual Survival Finding Refuge from the Storms of Life Becoming a Disciple of Our Lord Jesus Christ Baptisms for the Dead Exceedingly Great and Precious Promises Scripture Central Study Guide Reading Guide 1 and 2 Peter Lynne Hilton Wilson, " 1 and 2 Peter ,"  Come Follow Me: The New Testament , 2019. Andrew C. Skinner, “ Peter, The Chief Apostle ,” in  Sperry Symposium Classics: The New Testament , ed. Frank F. Judd Jr. and Gaye Strathearn (Provo, UT: Religious Studies Center, Brigham Young University; Salt Lake City: Deseret Book, 2006), 325–353. Overview of Peter’s First Epistle Terry B. Ball, “ Peter’s Principles: An Approach to the First Epistle of Peter ,” in  Go Ye into All the World: Messages of the New Testament Apostles , 31st Annual Sidney B. Sperry Symposium (Salt Lake City: Deseret Book, 2002), 220–229. Frank F. Judd Jr., “ The Case for Petrine Authorship of 1 Peter, ” in  The Ministry of Peter, the Chief Apostle , ed. Frank F. Judd Jr., Eric D. Huntsman, and Shon D. Hopkin (Provo, UT: Religious Studies Center; Salt Lake City: Deseret Book, 2014), 247–65. Taylor Halverson, “ Reading 1 Peter Intertextually with Select Passages from the Old Testament ,” in  Interpreter: A Journal of Latter-day Saint Faith and Scholarship  20 (2016), 151-176. Overview of Peter’s Second Epistle John W. Welch and Brent J. Schmidt, “ Reading 2 Peter as a Farewell Text ,” in  The Ministry of Peter, the Chief Apostle , ed. Frank F. Judd Jr.,Eric D. Huntsman, and Shon D. Hopkin (Provo, UT: Religious Studies Center; Salt Lake City: Deseret Book, 2014), 317–35. Chosen Generation Gordon B. Hinckley, “ A Chosen Generation ,”  Ensign , May 1992. Daedan Olander, “ What Does it Really Mean to Be a Part of the “Chosen Generation? ”  LDS Living , June 2019. Finding Joy in Trials H. Burke Peterson, “ Come unto Christ Through Your Trials ,”  BYU Speeches February 1996. Neal A. Maxwell, “ Grounded, Rooted, Established, and Settled ,”  BYU Speeches September 1981. Neal A. Maxwell, “ But for a Small Moment ,”  BYU Speeches September 1974. Sherrie Mills Johnson, “ Think It Not Strange Concerning the Fiery Trial ,” in  Go Ye Into All the World: Messages of the New Testament Apostles , 31st Annual Sidney B. Sperry Symposium (Salt Lake City: Deseret Book, 2002), 230–243. Preaching to the Dead Andrew C. Skinner, “ The Savior’s Ministry to the Spirit World ” in  With Healing in His Wings , ed. Camille Fronk Olson and Thomas A. Wayment (Provo, UT: Religious Studies Center; Salt Lake City: Deseret Book, 2013), 81–107. Scott C. Esplin, “ Wondering at His Words: Peter’s Influence on the Knowledge of Salvation for the Dead ,” in  The Ministry of Peter, the Chief Apostle , ed. Frank F. Judd Jr., Eric D. Huntsman, and Shon D. Hopkin (Provo, UT: Religious Studies Center; Salt Lake City: Deseret Book, 2014), 296–312. M. Catherine Thomas, “ Visions of Christ in the Spirit World and the Dead Redeemed ” in Sperry Symposium Classics: The New Testament, ed. Frank F. Judd Jr. and Gaye Strathearn (Provo and Salt Lake City: Religious Studies Center, Brigham Young University and Deseret Book Company, 2006), 354–372. Richard L. Anderson, “ Peter’s Letters: Progression for the Living and the Dead ,”  Ensign , October 1991. M. Catherine Thomas, “ Visions of Christ in the Spirit World and the Dead Redeemed ” in  Sperry Symposium Classics: The New Testament , ed. Frank F. Judd Jr. and Gaye Strathearn (Provo and Salt Lake City: Religious Studies Center, Brigham Young University and Deseret Book Company, 2006), 354–372. Divine Nature Robert L. Millet, “ Make Your Calling and Election Sure ,” in  The Ministry of Peter, the Chief Apostle , ed. Frank F. Judd Jr., Eric D. Huntsman, and Shon D. Hopkin (Provo, UT: Religious Studies Center; Salt Lake City: Deseret Book, 2014), 267–82. Christ as the Chief Corner Stone “ The Cornerstone ,”  Ensign , January 2016. Civil Authority Eric-Jon K. Marlowe, “’ Honor the King’: Submission to Civil Authority ,” in  The Ministry of Peter, the Chief Apostle , ed. Frank F. Judd Jr., Eric D. Huntsman, and Shon D. Hopkin (Provo, UT: Religious Studies Center; Salt Lake City: Deseret Book, 2014), 283–96. The Bible Project Book of 1 Peter Summary: A Complete Animated Overview Book of 2 Peter: A Complete Animated Overview BYU’s RSC The Savior’s Ministry to the Spirit World Visions of Christ in the Spirit World and the Dead Redeemed Peter, the Chief Apostle Make Your Calling and Election Sure Additional Videos & Insights New Testament History, Culture, and Society Early Church History Timeline 0 to 500 AD ( PDF version, download )

CFM: November 13–19 James Videos and Podcasts Video/ Podcast ​Lesson Extension ​Additional Materials Scripture Central James Study Guide Follow Him James Part 1 , Part 2 Transcripts Line Upon Line James Teaching with Power James ​ Don't Miss This James ​ ​CFM New Testament James ​Unshaken James ( Part 1 , Part 2 ) ​ ​The Interpreter Foundation James ​Study helps by Jonn Claybaugh ​Teaching Helps with John Hilton James ​ ​Ponderfun James ​Talking Scripture James Show Notes ​Hurricane Utah Adult Religion Class , New Testament Hebrews & James : Notes , Slides , Handout Resources and Insights about this Week's Lesson A great place to start researching the Book of James is with an overall introduction and summary. Book of James Summary: A Complete Animated Overview The Epistle of James is an intriguing and vital text within the New Testament canon, traditionally attributed to "James the Just", a prominent leader in the early Christian church in Jerusalem. The name translated as James comes from the Hebrew Ya'akovos , or Jacob , which was a very common name among the Hebraic community during that time. This was not James of Zebedee (Big James, martyred in 44 AD) or Little James (the son of Alphaeus), from the original 12 apostles. James the Just was separate figure who was frequently referred to as the "brother of Jesus." This relationship is articulated in several New Testament passages: 1. Gospel References: The Gospels of Matthew (13:55) and Mark (6:3) both list James as one of Jesus’ brothers, along with Joses (or Joseph), Judas (or Jude), and Simon. 2. Galatians 1:19: The Apostle Paul refers to meeting "James, the Lord's brother" when he visited Jerusalem, which has been taken by many as a literal familial relationship. The term "brother" (Greek: adelphos) has been interpreted in multiple ways. It could denote a sibling born of the same parents, a half-sibling, or a close kinship tie, which was common in Semitic and Jewish contexts. The Roman Catholic and Eastern Orthodox traditions often interpret "brother" to mean a close relative or cousin, partly based on their belief of the perpetual virginity of Mary, Jesus' mother. The idea that Mary remained a virgin after Christ was born first began to spread around 347-419 AD by the the Early Church Father Jerome. This idea was adopted by the Catholic and Orthodox church, and became part of the tradition. Thus, the idea of James being a natural brother of Jesus was considered highly controversial, even though the Biblical evidence appears to supports the natural brother relationship. The historical evidence for James's relationship to Jesus is primarily derived from the New Testament accounts and additional early Jewish and Christian writings: 1. Josephus' "Antiquities of the Jews": The Jewish historian Josephus refers to the death of "James, the brother of Jesus who is called Christ," which provides non-Christian corroboration of James’s role and his connection to Jesus. 2. Early Christian Writings: Other early Christian writers, such as Eusebius of Caesarea, who wrote "Ecclesiastical History," also describe James as the brother of Jesus and the leader of the Jerusalem church. 3. Apostolic Fathers: Writings of the Apostolic Fathers, early Christian theologians like Clement of Alexandria and Hegesippus, offer additional testimony about James and his leadership role in the church, sometimes referring to him as the brother of the Lord. The exact nature of their relationship is still a matter of theological interpretation and scholarly debate. However, the weight of the New Testament evidence supports the view that James had a close familial connection to Jesus, whether as a full brother, half-brother, or another close relative. This relationship lent James authority in the early Christian community, as seen by his prominent role in the church described in the Acts of the Apostles and by Paul in his letters. ( The Martyrdom of James, who was Called the Brother of the Lord ). This close familial relationship is also provides us with some valuable insight. James (Jacob) was someone who personally knew the Savior longer than any of the other writers of the New Testament. He grew up with Jesus and knew the topics and themes that were most frequently discussed. When one studies these writings, it is helpful to recognize that every topic and theme that James touches on were directly influenced by the teachings of Christ, cross-references are provided to identify some of these associations. In addition to the literary evidence that supports the familial relationship between James and Jesus, a recently discovered artifact also provide some intriguing connections. The J ames Ossuary , a first-century limestone box that was used for holding the bones of the dead, gained international attention when an Aramaic inscription on its side was revealed to read "Ya'akov bar-Yosef akhui diYeshua," which translates as "James, son of Joseph, brother of Jesus." If authentic, this artifact could provide archaeological evidence of Jesus of Nazareth and his family. The ossuary's authenticity, however, has been the subject of intense debate. In 2002, its owner was charged with forgery, but the court did not conclusively rule the ossuary a fake, leaving its authenticity unresolved in the academic world. Proponents of its authenticity argue that the patina inside the inscribed letters dates naturally to the period. However, skeptics point to peculiarities in the inscription's form and the fact that it appeared on the antiquities market rather than through a professional archaeological excavation concerning, raising questions about its provenance and authenticity. Additionally, the names Jacob (Ya'akov), Joseph (Yoseph), and Jesus (Yeshua/ Joshua) were very common names during that time, and even if the artifact is authentic, it is impossible (at this point) to prove that the ossuary actually belonged to James the Just. The letter of James is generally dated to the mid-first century, possibly between 48-62 AD, making it one of the earliest New Testament writings. Its exact date hinges on scholarly debates concerning the author's identity and the epistle's relationship to other New Testament texts. Historically, the epistle is set against the backdrop of a nascent Christianity, where Jewish and Gentile believers were learning to coexist and define their faith. The Jerusalem church, with its strong Jewish roots, faced persecution, social upheaval, and the challenges of living out their faith in a diverse and often hostile environment. The intended audience of the epistle appears to be the "twelve tribes scattered among the nations," suggesting Jewish Christians dispersed outside of Palestine. Anciently, these were communities grappling with how to live out their faith amidst severe persecution and poverty, striving to reconcile their Jewish heritage with their new identity in Christ. This introduction also applies to modern readers today, during the commencement of the gathering of Israel in the Last Days. The Epistle's form and structure bears resemblance to traditional Jewish wisdom literature (Psalms, Proverbs) and a combination of various Jewish and Hellenistic moral exhortations and virtue ethics. The Epistle lacks the typical greeting and thanksgiving sections of Pauline letters, diving directly into a series of ethical instructions and reflections. Its style is characterized by direct commands, vivid metaphors, and an urgent call to practical, ethical living. A better understanding of the book of James can be achieved by delving into its original Greek text. Utilizing an Interlinear word-for-word translation is invaluable when dissecting these writings, even for those who don't know how to read Greek. The provided online interlinear text can help non Greek readers to navigate the Greek texts and examine the various words and structures of James' poetic forms. Take your time and explore these texts meticulously; because within the various proverbs lie hidden treasures and deeper layers of interpretation. Pay attention to Greek nuances, as they often unveil captivating wordplay and rhetorical embellishments that bring remarkable depth to the themes of the epistle. For example, the Greek word "peirasmos" can mean both "trial" and "temptation," revealing deeper insights into the dualistic nature of testing and ethical challenges. Likewise, "teleios," meaning "perfect," is linked to the idea of spiritual maturity and wholeness in one's faith journey. The Hebrew word translated as Greek teleios is tamim, and this is where the word thummim comes from, as in Urim and Thummim. Make use of the provided concordances, especially Thayer's concordance on Blueletterbible online, invest some time into examining the words, their Hebraic counterparts, and other passages containing these words. This approach can unveil profound and insightful connections. The Epistle of James addresses various prominent themes, emphasizing practical Christian living and moral conduct. Here are few of the key themes found in the book of James: 1. Faith and Works: James emphasizes the inseparable relationship between faith and works, highlighting that true faith is demonstrated through righteous actions. 2. Trials and Testing: James encourages believers to view trials as opportunities for growth and perseverance in their faith. 3. Wisdom and Prayer: The epistle discusses the importance of seeking wisdom from God through prayer and making wise decisions. 4. Patience and Endurance: James teaches the virtue of patience and endurance in the face of trials and difficulties. 5. Favoritism and Partiality: The epistle condemns showing favoritism and partiality based on wealth, status, or appearance, stressing the importance of impartiality. 6. Taming the Tongue: James cautions against the misuse of words and the destructive power of the tongue, urging believers to use their speech wisely. 7. Humility and Submission: The letter encourages humility and submission to God, cautioning against pride and arrogance. 8. Compassion and Mercy: James emphasizes the need for believers to show compassion and mercy to those in need, reflecting God's love and grace. 9. Faith and Doubt: The epistle addresses doubts and wavering faith, urging believers to have unwavering trust in God. 10. Worldliness and Materialism: James warns against worldly desires and materialistic pursuits, emphasizing the importance of seeking God's kingdom first. 11. Integrity and Honesty: The letter underscores the value of integrity and honesty in one's actions and words. 12. Judgment and Mercy: James teaches that mercy triumphs over judgment, encouraging believers to be merciful and nonjudgmental toward others. These themes collectively provide guidance for living a faithful and Christ-centered life in accordance with God's will. Overview: James 1 This outline breaks down James 1 into its major themes, providing specific verses, cross-references to Christ's teachings, and references to relevant Old Testament Wisdom literature, giving readers a comprehensive understanding of the chapter's content and themes. Scripture Major Topics/ Themes ​Summary ​Cross-References, Videos & Resources James 1 ​ ​ ​INT ​Verses 1-4 ​ Faith and Endurance in Trials ​Verse 1: Introduction and authorship, From James to the 12 tribes scattered abroad. Verses 2-4: Count joy in trials , knowing the trying of one's faith produces/ works patience / endurance . Let patience have her perfect work, that you may be perfect and entire, wanting nothing. ​ Matthew 5:10-12 INT (Christ's Sermon on the Mount, rejoicing in persecution). Proverbs 3:11-12 INT (Wisdom literature on discipline). ​Verses 5-8 ​ Seeking Wisdom in Prayer ​Asking God for wisdom in faith, without doubting. Joseph Smith's inspiration for 1st Vision " If any of you lack wisdom , let him ask of God, that giveth to all men liberally , and upbraideth not; and it shall be given him." ​ Proverbs 2:3-6 INT JSH 1:11 ​Verses 9-11 ​ The Humble and Exalted ​The humble brother's exaltation and the rich brother's humiliation . ​Proverbs 22:2 INT (Wisdom literature on the rich and poor) ​Verses 12-15 ​ Endurance and Temptation ​Blessing for those who endure temptation / trials , understanding the reason for trials, as a means to receive the crown of life that the Lord promises to those who love him. ​ Matthew 4:1-11 INT (Christ's encounter with temptation). Sirach 2:1-6 (Wisdom literature on facing trials). ​Verses 16-18: ​ Good and Perfect Gifts God ​Every good gift and perfect gift is from God, (the Father of lights , with whom there is no variableness , neither of turning or shadows . God willingly generated the word of truth to man, that we could become a kind of firstfruits of His creatures . ​ Matthew 7:21-27 INT (Christ's teachings on being doers of the Word). Proverbs 16:1 INT (Wisdom literature on plans). ​Verses 19-25 ​ Hearing and Doing the Word ​James encourages members to be quick to listen, slow to speak, and slow to anger. He counsels them to put away filthiness , superfluity of naughtiness (extra stuff that doesn't matter) to receive the engrafted word , which has the power to save souls . He encourages them to be doers of the Word, not just hearers who deceive themselves. He likens those who only hear to someone who is looking at their reflection in a mirror . He compares that to someone who does the word, they are blessed because they learn the perfect law of liberty, and remember its purpose. ​ Matthew 7:24-27 INT (Christ's parable of the wise and foolish builders). Proverbs 10:19 INT (Wisdom literature on restraint in speech). ​Verses 26-27 ​ True Religion and Bridling the Tongue ​True religion involves learning to bridle the tongue , to refrain from deceiving their own heart through hypocrisy. Those who outwardly seem religious but don't learn this skill practice their religion in vain . ​ Matthew 15:10-20 INT (Christ's teachings on what defiles a person). Proverbs 15:28 INT (Wisdom literature on the heart of the righteous). Scripture Major Topics/ Themes ​Summary ​Cross-References, Videos & Resources James 2 ​ ​ INT ​Verse 1 ​ No Partiality ​Verse 1: Warns against showing partiality based on a person's outward appearance or position, reminding the listener that Jesus was no respecter of persons . ​ Matthew 22:36-40 INT (Christ's teachings on loving your neighbor). ​Verses 2-4 ​ Favoritism vs. Loving Your Neighbor ​Verses 2-4: Examples of partiality and favoritism in the assembly and its unfavorable consequences. ​ Matthew 5:43-48 INT (Christ's teachings on loving your enemies). ​Verses 5-7 ​ Mercy and Judgment ​Verses 5-7: God chooses the poor who are rich in faith, acknowledging their exalted status as heirs to the kingdom. Warns rich and those in positions of power not to oppress or mistreat them, declaring this as an act of blaspheme . ​Matthew 25:31-46 INT (Christ's teachings on serving the least of these). Verses 8-13​ ​ Fulfilling the Royal Law ​Keeping the royal law, which is loving your neighbor as yourself. James points out the importance of obeying all of the laws, not just picking and choosing those one prefers. All laws should be judged by the law of liberty , balancing judgement with mercy . ​Matthew 22:36-40 INT (Christ's teachings on the greatest commandments). The Shema ​Verses 14-17 Faith and Works ​The relationship between faith and works , emphasizing the importance of both. ​Matthew 7:21-27 INT (Christ's teachings on doing the will of the Father) ​Verses 18-26 ​ Faith Without Works Is Dead ​Examples of faith and works, illustrating that faith without works is dead. ​Matthew 25:1-13 INT (Christ's parable of the ten virgins). Scripture Major Topics/ Themes ​Summary ​Cross-References, Videos & Resources James 3 ​ ​ ​INT ​Verse 1 ​ The Power of the Tongue ​A warning about the responsibility of teachers . ​ Matthew 15:10-11 INT (Christ's teachings on what defiles a person). ​Verses 2-5 ​ The Tongue's Impact ​Illustrates the power and potential for harm in our words . Analogies of a horse and bridle and a helm and ship are used to articulate how much power the tongue has in steering one's direction. ​Matthew 12:36-37 INT (Christ's teachings on giving account for every idle word). ​Verses 6-8 ​ Taming the Tongue ​The difficulty of taming the tongue and its inconsistency. It has the potential to defile the whole body and to set the whole course of nature on fire if not controlled. ​ Matthew 12:33-35 INT (Christ's teachings on good and bad fruit). ​Verses 9-12 ​ Blessing and Cursing ​Discusses the tongue's ability to bless and curse , attributes that are made after the similitude of God. James pleads with members to speak with integrity. Matthew 5:33-37 INT (Christ's teachings on oaths) ​Verses 13-18 ​ Wisdom from Above ​Characteristics of godly knowledge and wisdom , contrasting with earthly, unspiritual wisdom/ pride (envying, strife, confusion, evil works, hypocrisy.) ​ Matthew 7:24-27 INT (Christ's parable of the wise and foolish builders). ​Verse 18 ​ The Fruit of Righteousness ​The fruit of righteousness sown in peace by those who make peace. ​ Matthew 5:9 INT (Christ's teachings on peacemakers being called children of God). Scripture Major Topics/ Themes ​Summary ​Cross-References, Videos & Resources James 4 ​ ​INT ​Verse 1 ​​ Worldly Desires and Conflicts ​Identifies lust as the source of conflicts and disputes among believers. ​Matthew 15:18-20 INT (Christ's teachings on the defilement from within). ​Verses 2-3 ​ Prayer and Selfish Motives ​Identifies the problems with lust, and how this desire leads to devastating consequences. ​ Matthew 6:5-6 INT (Christ's teachings on prayer in secret). ​Verses 4-5 ​ Adultery, and Choosing Friendship with the World ​The incompatibility of infidelity , and choosing friendship with the world, and enmity towards God. ​Matthew 6:24 INT (Christ's teachings on serving two masters). ​Verses 6-10: ​ God's Grace and Humility ​God's grace given to the humble , a call to submit to Him. ​Matthew 23:12 INT (Christ's teachings on exalting the humble). ​Verses 11-12: ​ Slander and Judgment ​Warning against speaking evil of one another and judging others. ​Matthew 7:1-5 INT (Christ's teachings on judging others). ​Verses 13-17 ​ Trusting in God's Will ​The importance of acknowledging God's will in our plans and lives. ​Matthew 6:10 INT (Christ's teachings on praying for God's will to be done). ​​ Scripture Major Topics/ Themes ​Summary ​Cross-References, Videos & Resources James 5 ​ ​ ​INT ​Verses 1-3: ​ Warning to the Rich ​A stern warning to the rich who are corrupted , hoarding wealth while neglecting the needs of others. ​ Matthew 6:19-21 INT (Christ's teachings on treasures in heaven). ​Verses 4-6 ​ Coming Judgment ​The cries of the oppressed workers reach the ears of the Lord of the Sabbath . Matthew 24:36-39 INT (Christ's teachings on the suddenness of His return). ​Verses 7-11 ​ Patience in Suffering ​Encouragement to be patient as we await the return of the Savior and to be patient in our suffering , just as the prophets and Job endured. Matthew 5:10-12 INT (Christ's teachings on blessedness in persecution). Verses 13-16​ ​ Prayer and Healing ​Instructions on prayer for those who are afflicted and merry . The Lord offers healing for the body and mind through faith. ​ Matthew 9:20-22 INT (Christ's healing through faith). ​Verses 16-18 ​ Confession and Restoration ​The importance of confessing / acknowledging our sins to one another and the power of righteous and fervent prayer. ​ Matthew 6:14-15 INT (Christ's teachings on forgiveness). ​Verses 19-20 ​ Restoring the Wanderer ​The call to bring back those who have strayed from the truth. ​Matthew 18:12-14 INT (Christ's parable of the lost sheep). Church Videos & Resources Godly Sorrow Leads to Repentance Scripture Central Study Guide Reading Guide James Lynne Hilton Wilson, " James ,"  Come Follow Me: The New Testament , 2019. If Ye Lack Wisdom, Ask of God Elder David A. Bednar, “ Seek Learning by Faith ,”  Religious Educator  Vol. 7, No. 3 (2006): 1–11. Marcos A. Aidukaitis, “ If Ye Lack Wisdom ,”  General Conference April 2014 . Robert D. Hales, “ Gaining a Testimony of God the Father; His Son, Jesus Christ; and the Holy Ghost ,”  General Conference April 2008 . Craig K. Manscill, “‘ If Any of You Lack Wisdom’: James’s Imperative to Israel, ” in  Go Ye into All the World: Messages of the New Testament Apostles , 31st Annual Sidney B. Sperry Symposium (Salt Lake City: Deseret Book, 2002), 244–257. Faith Requires Action Mark D. Ellison, “ Paul and James on Faith and Works ,” Religious Educator 13, no. 3 (2012): 147–171. Brian M. Hauglid, “‘ As the Body without the Spirit’ : James’s Epistle on Faith and Works,” in  Go Ye into All the World: Messages of the New Testament Apostles , 31st Annual Sidney B. Sperry Symposium (Salt Lake City: Deseret Book, 2002), 276–289. David A. Bednar, “ Ask in Faith ,”  General Conference April 2008. Juan Pablo Villar, “ Exercising Our Spiritual Muscles ,”  General Conference April 2019 . Dale G. Renlund, “ Abound with Blessings ,”  General Conference April 2019 . Russell M. Nelson, “ Drawing the Power of Jesus Christ into Our Lives ,” General Conference April 2017. Michelle D. Craig, “ Divine Discontent ,”  General Conference October 2018 . Allan D. Rau, “ Fostering Conversion through Faith-Inspired Actions ,”  Religious Educator  10, no. 3 (2009): 103–114. Endurance Leads to Perfection Richard C. Edgley, “ Keep the Faith ,”  General Conference April 1993 . Jeffrey R. Holland, “ Be Ye Therefore Perfect––Eventually ,”  General Conference October 2017 . Russell M. Nelson, “ Perfection Pending ,”  General Conference October 1995 . Joseph B. Wirthlin, “ Running Your Marathon ,”  General Conference October 1989 . Melanie Eaton, “ The Reward Is Worth the Effort, ”  General Conference April 1995. Frank F. Judd, Jr., “ ‘Be Ye Therefore Perfect:’ The Elusive Quest for Perfection, ” in  The Sermon on the Mount in Latter-day Scripture , ed. Gaye Strathearn, Thomas A. Wayment, and Daniel L. Belnap (Provo, UT: Religious Studies Center, Brigham Young University; Salt Lake City: Deseret Book, 2010), 123–39. Words Can Hurt or Bless Others Joseph B. Wirthlin, “ The Virtue of Kindness ,”  General Conference April 2005 . Angel Abrea, “ The Sure Sound of the Trumpet ,”  General Conference April 1984 . ElRay L. Christiansen, “ Be Slow to Anger ,”  General Conference April 1971 . Pure Religion and True Christianity  “ Pure Religion ,”  New Testament: Gospel Doctrine Teacher’s Manual. Marvin J. Ashton, “ Pure Religion ,”  General Conference October 1982. Don R. Clarke, “ Pure Religion ,”  BYU Devotional, January 13, 2015 . Howard W. Hunter, “ True Religion ,”  General Conference October 1978 . Love Others Regardless of Circumstances Lloyd D. Newell, “‘ All Are Alike Unto God’: Equality and Charity in the Book of Mormon ,” in  Living the Book of Mormon: Abiding by Its Precepts , ed. Gaye Strathearn and Charles Swift (Provo, UT: Religious Studies Center, Brigham Young University; Salt Lake City: Deseret Book, 2007), 196–210. Loren C. Dunn, “ The Gospel of Love ,”  General Conference October 1985 . The Bible Project Book of James Summary: A Complete Animated Overview BYU’s RSC Paul and James on Faith and Works Seek Learning by Faith “As the Body without the Spirit”: James’s Epistle on Faith and Work “If Any of You Lack Wisdom”: James’s Imperative to Israel Additional Videos & Insights New Testament History, Culture, and Society Early Church History Timeline 0 to 500 AD ( PDF version, download )

CFM: November 6–12 Hebrews 7–13 Videos and Podcasts Video/ Podcast ​Lesson Extension ​Additional Materials Scripture Central Hebrews 7-13 Study Guide Follow Him Hebrews 7-13 Part 1 , Part 2 Transcripts Line Upon Line Hebrews 7-13 ( not yet posted ) Teaching with Power Hebrews 7-13 ​ Don't Miss This Hebrews 7-13 ​ ​CFM New Testament Hebrews 7-13 ​Unshaken Hebrews 7-13 ( Part 1 , Part 2 ) ​ ​The Interpreter Foundation Hebrews 7-13 ​Study helps by Jonn Claybaugh ​Teaching Helps with John Hilton Hebrews 7-13 ​ ​Ponderfun Hebrews 7-13 ( not yet posted ) ​Talking Scripture Hebrews 7-13 Show Notes ​Hurricane Utah Adult Religion Class , New Testament Hebrews & The Epistle of James: Notes , Slides , Handout Resources and Insights about this Week's Lesson In last week's lesson we examined Chapters 1-5, which primarily focused on Christ's Condescension, and we saw that the author demonstrated the concept of descension by outlining the hierarchical steps of Christ's descension from his throne on high to his descension below all things, to rescue the sinner from both spiritual and physical death. This outlines the Justification path the Savior took, the process by which he demonstrated His Grace and completed his work through fulfilling the Atonement. Dr. Matthew Gray, in his insightful Follow Him presentation, skillfully contextualized these concepts within the cultural backdrop of the time. He illuminated the use of terms like "types and shadows," which would have resonated with the educated Greco-Roman society of that era. Dr. Gray pointed out that these notions were not foreign the author's audience, rather these were familiar concept within the culture of middle Platonism, drawing significant parallels to Plato's Allegory of the Cave. In doing so, the author of Hebrews effectively conveyed the intent of the book - to more clearly articulate upon intricate and abstract concepts, making them more visually comprehensible to a Greco-Jewish audience. Dr. Gray states, If you've ever read Plato's Allegory of the Cave, you have a decent sense of how this image of types and shadows work. The way that it works is that things on earth that we see are simply a shadow of the true heavenly realities. If you imagine we're all sitting in a cave and we're facing the back wall of the cave, so our backs are to the entrance of the cave. All we see are the shadows of things that are cast by the actual sunlight which is behind us. So, if we were to stand up and turn around, we would see the actual thing, the real thing. Right now, we just tend to look at shadows. So, when we talk about types and shadows, that's the language. It's a Platonic category of the things that we see on earth that are mere shadows of the heavenly realities. Plato, like this author, is encouraging us to stand up and no longer look at the shadows casting against the back wall of the cave, but to stand up and look behind us and see the actual light and see the real items that are casting those shadows. (Part 2: 17:54) Plato's Allegory of the Cave In this context, if one were to apply this shadow concept to our condescension chart from last week, we would see that the shadow would reflect a reversed overlayed image, and we would see a depiction of the Star of David, or the מָגֵן Magen דָּוִד David , the " Shield of My Beloved ." (The following link provides insightful information regarding the fascinating history associated with this ancient symbol The Star of David Demystified ) In essence, our perception of Christ's descension, in reality, was the key to our ascencencion. This was a concept that would have been familiar to a Jewish- Christian audience because of its association with the ancient temple. One can observe this in the image below. This is 6th century mosaic from the Beyt Alpha Synagogue located in Beyt She'an Israel. In this Mosaic, one can observe the Torah Ark. A series of steps ascend above the mercy seat. Two menorahs flank the Ark along with figures representing the Cherubim. We see various symbols, palm branches, a shofar, the rod of Aaron, a jar of manna, the censer of incense, the temple veil, etc. In this Galilean synagogue, this is clearly a representation of the Holy of Holies, and it depicts the concept the heavenly ascent as the veil is parted and one ascends and approached the Throne of God in steps and stages. In Hebrews 6:1-3 the author describes the foundational steps of the heavenly ascent. This is where we get the 4th Article of Faith, only Joseph Smith swapped the order of Faith and Repentance. In many ways, these symbols of the stairs of ascent, decent, and the Magen David represent the Shield of Jesus Christ's Atonement in the life and progression of the faithful follower. In Ephesians, when Paul was explaining the Armor of God, he noted that the most essential component of the Armor was the Shield of Faith, the Shield of Protection that the Beloved Son of God provided for us to shield us from the fiery darts of the adversary during our mortal quest ( Ephesians 6:16 INT ). It is only through the Atonement and grace of Jesus Christ that we can be justified unto salvation. It is because the Atonement of Jesus Christ that we have the opportunity to ascend from our fallen natures on Earth to the heavenly throne of God on high. Like a ladder, these steps and stages, help one to progress along the covenant path as one learns to become spiritually mature. They learn to apply the blessings of God's Laws to their lives as they learn to live the Gospel of Jesus Christ (Jacob's Ladder, Genesis 28:12-17 INT, Walking in Covenant Relationship with Christ ). This is indicative of the process of Ascending the Mountain of the Lord through living the Oath and Covenant of the Priesthood that is found throughout all Scripture (Shield/Buckler of Salvation Psalms 18 : 2 , 30 , 35 , 28 : 7 , 89 : 18 , 115 : 9-11 ). “At-one-ment” by Jennifer Paget . This week's lesson expands upon that view and explores the Sanctification process. This topic underlies all of the Book of Hebrews, but we see a clear transition from the Aaronic Levitical form of the Law, associated with the Law of Moses, to the broader or "higher" Law associated with the Melchizedek Order in Chapters 5 and 6, where the author expands into a broader examination of Jesus Christ as the Great High Priest. In these verses the author moves beyond the basic tenets of the Law, "the milk", and he admonishes the community to seek after "the meat," to become spiritually mature as they continue to hone the previously specified principles of faith, repentance, baptism, ect. The author explains that these principles are essential, but they are not enough. In order to survive spiritually, in order to avoid deception and apostasy, members must become mature , ( τέλειος , תָּמִים ). They must learn to Hear Him , to receive revelation, they must become educated and skilled in the doctrine of Jesus Christ through diligent study, prayer, faith, exercise, patience, endurance, charity, action, ect. He also identifies these principles association with the Oath and Covenant of the Priesthood, the Oath that was established from the foundations of the World, and the Oath that we all agreed to in the Pre-Existence. In Hebrews 8:18-22 the author explains the fundamental purpose of the Law. He explains that the purpose of the Law was never to attain "perfection" in this life; that was not possible through the old Law. The purpose of the old law was to point people to a better hope through Jesus Christ. The New Law, represented by and administered through the Melchizedek Priesthood provides a new and more excellent way by which one can draw nigh unto God . When one considers the hierarchy of the Aaronic and Melchizedek priesthood, instead of conceptualizing this concept vertically, according to a higher/lower succession, it can be helpful to consider this as a broadening expansion. When one receives the Melchizedek priesthood, they do not lose the authority to perform Aaronic duties, thoses still exist. Rather, their authority expands outward and they receive additional keys and responsibilities that coincide with their expanded Priesthood office. The Melchizedek office surrounds the Aaronic office and helps to fill in some of the gaps that are needed to fulfill the sum total of priesthood function. Consider the following symbol, found in the Leningrad Codex , the earliest complete manuscript of the Hebrew Tanakh, which dates to approximately 1009 CE. This image might be helpful for visual thinkers to conceptualize the descriptions found in Hebrews, particularly 7-8. This image is a Carpet Page , an illuminated manuscript that illustrated various religious ideas, themes, symbols, and principles. These Carpet pages were most commonly incorporated into various religious text. This particular page illustrates the Oath and Covenant of the Priesthood, the Law as it was explained to the Israelites in Deuteronomy 12, 26-28, it also includes various scriptures from the Psalms 60, 63, and 68. Center: "I Shmuel ben Ya'akov wrote and pointed [added the vowel points and accents] and transmitted [added the Masoretic notes in the margins] this manuscript for the honor of our blessed teacher hacohen (the priest), ben Yosef hayeduah (the sage), ben Azdak, may the Living One bless him." "Look down from your holy habitation, from heaven, and bless your people Israel and the ground that you have given us, as you swore to our ancestors-a land flowing with milk and honey." [ Deuteronomy 26:15 INT ] "Therefore, obey the LORD your God, observing his commandments and his statutes that I am commanding you today." [ Deuteronomy 27:10 INT ] "These are the statutes and ordinances that you must diligently observe in the land that the LORD has given..." [ Deuteronomy 12:1 INT ] "The LORD will open for you his rich storehouse, the heavens, to give the rain of your land in its season and to bless all your undertakings. You will lend to many nations, but you will not borrow. The LORD will make you the head, and not the tail; you shall be only at the top, and not at the bottom-if you obey the commandments of the LORD your God, which I am commanding you today, by diligently observing them..." [ Deuteronomy 28:12-13 INT ] "All these blessings shall come upon you and overtake you, if you obey the LORD your God..." [ Deuteronomy 28:2 INT ] "O God, you are my God, I seek you, my soul thirsts for you, as in a dry and weary land where there is no water." [ Psalms 63:1 (Hebrew v. 2) INT ] "So, I will bless you as long as I live; I will lift up my hands and call on your name." [ Psalms 63:4 (Hebrew v. 5) INT ] "Have you not rejected us O God? You do not go out, O God, with our armies." [ Psalms 60:10 (Hebrew v. 12) INT ] "Our God is a God of salvation, and to God, the Lord, belongs escape from death." [ Psalms 68:20 (Hebrew v. 21) INT ] "Summon your might O God; show your strength, O God..." [ Psalms 68:28a (Hebrew v. 29a) INT ] In this image above, the eight pointed star surrounding the Magen David is frequently referred to as the Melchizedek Seal. If one conceptualizes the inner 6 pointed star to represent the Aaronic Priesthood, the outer 8-pointed star represent the Melchizedek Seal and Priesthood. This name of this star was derived from a mosaic mural that dates back to the 6th century. The mural is housed in the Basilica of Sant' Apollinare in Classe in Ravenna Italy. The Basilica was consecrated on May 9th 549 AD. This is a highly symbolic image that depicts the Jesus Christ as Melchizedek ( מֶלֶךְ Melech + Tzaddik, King of Righteousness / Justice, Yahweh Tzaddik "the name of the Messianic king who vindicates people's cause and grants victory" Jeremiah 23:6 ; of city Jeremiah 33:16 ). Hugh Nibley described this image as follows: Another Ravenna mosaic, c. A.D. 520, shows the priest-king Melchizedek in a purple cloak, offering bread and wine at the altar (Genesis 14:18-20). The white altar cloth is decorated with two sets of gammadia , as well as the so-called “ seal of Melchizedek ,” two interlocked squares in gold. Abel offers his lamb as Abraham gently pushes Isaac forward. The hand of God reaches down to this sacred meeting through the red veils adorned with golden gammadia on either side. The theme is the great sacrifice of Christ, which brings together the righteous prophets from the past as well as the four corners of the present world, thereby uniting all time and space. (Nibley, “Sacred Vestments,” Temple and Cosmos , 109.) In our materials this week, chapters 7-13 continue this theme, describing the superiority of the Melchizedek Priesthood, Christ's role as the Great High Priest, The symbolism of the Ancient Temple and vestment that were used as "types and shows" for Jesus Christ and the Heavenly realm, the purpose of the Covenant, the purpose of the Priesthood, the role of priests (past and present) as types and shadows of Jesus Christ and their responsibility to point to Him as teachers through their administrative roles and personal examples. These chapters also discuss the significant role of the Holy Ghost that helps to fill in some of the gaps in our understanding. Many sacred aspects of the Temple are highlighted including many of the most sacred symbols. The material we cover this week is incredibly dense, but it is marvelous, and it can help one to better understand and appreciate the Temple covenants. Hopefully these diagrams and resources will be beneficial to you as a framework, to help you dive into and explore these rich and profoundly rewarding chapters. Helpful Materials for Navigating these Topics The Ancient Tabernacle and Sacrifice Rituals The author of Hebrews draws from many themes and connections to the Old Testament and the Ancient Temple/Tabernacle. Thus, understanding these ancient rituals and practices is essential to understanding what the author is trying to convey. The following resources provide some valuable summaries of these traditions. The Tabernacle and the Messiah Understanding the Day of Atonement or Yom Kippur Priesthood Genealogy It is very helpful to understand the geneology, as it was understood by the audience the author was addressing, as the author refers to these topics throughout his sermon to indicate the superiority of Melchizedek Priesthood compared to the Levitical Aaronic Priesthood. Many scholars and prophets relate Melchizedek to Shem as well as Enoch, and suggest that it was to this patriarchal order that Abraham paid tithes ( Melchizedek, Seeking After the Zion of Enoch ). It was essential for Jewish Christians to legitimize Christ's Priesthood authority, despite not being a Levite, because the Mosaic Law traditionally restricted the priesthood to the tribe of Levi. Legitimizing Christ's authority as a high priest was crucial to demonstrate his authenticity and the fulfillment of Old Testament prophecies. Christ's association with Melchizedek was significant because Melchizedek's priesthood, as illustrated in the Old Testament, was considered greater and more ancient than the Levitical priesthood. Melchizedek, a priest of God Most High, blessed Abraham and received tithes from him, establishing a priesthood that predated and transcended the Levitical system. By likening Christ to Melchizedek, the author of Hebrews was able to emphasize the superiority of Christ's priesthood over the Levitical one, justifying the legitimacy of Christ's priesthood authority for Jewish Christians. This association demonstrated that Christ's priesthood was not constrained by tribal lineage and that he held a higher and more enduring priesthood. Overview: Hebrews 7 Hebrews 7 highlights the superiority of Melchizedek's priesthood over the Levitical priesthood. It also introduces Jesus as the high priest in the order of Melchizedek, emphasizing His permanence and effectiveness in providing salvation. The chapter serves to reinforce the idea that the Levitical system is replaced by the priesthood of Jesus, offering a better hope for believers. Scripture Major Topics/ Themes ​Summary ​Cross-References, Videos & Resources Hebrews 7 ​ The Priesthood of Melchizedek ​ ​INT ​ Verses 1-10 ​ Melchizedek's Superiority ​Verses 1-3 : The introduction of Μελχισέδεκ Melchizedek , the King of Salem (ancient Jeru salem, Gen 14:18 INT ) and a priest of God Most High . This enigmatic priest is portrayed as greater than Abraham and without genealogy, illustrating his eternal and continually transcendent priesthood. Melchizedek's name signifies " king of righteousness ," and he is also the "king of peace ," suggesting a royal and peaceful priesthood, which is distinct from and predates the Levitical priesthood. Verses 4-10: T he author asks his audience to consider the greatness of Melchizedek in relation to Abraham. Melchizedek, a priest of the Most High God, blessed Abraham, who in turn gave him a tithe of the spoils from his military victory. This passage highlights that the Levitical priests, who descended from Abraham, also paid tithes to Melchizedek through their ancestors. This suggests that Melchizedek's priesthood is superior to the Levitical priesthood, as he received tithes from Abraham and his descendants, demonstrating his higher status. ​ ​ Verses 11-28 The Priesthood of Jesus Christ ​ ​Verses 11-14: T he author addresses the necessity of change in the priesthood, asserting that if perfection could have been attained through the Levitical or Aaronic priesthood , there would have been no need for a new priest in the order of Melchizedek . He explains that the Levitical priesthood was flawed and unable to bring about perfection as it was received under the law . Therefore, the author explains that a new priest, Jesus, who arises from the tribe of Judah rather than Levi, has emerged. This highlights a transfer of the priesthood order, signifying the introduction of a more excellent renewed/ restored priesthood based on Christ's Melchizedek authority, rather than tribal distinctions. Verses 15-17: The introduction of Jesus, now serving as the high priest in the order of Melchizedek, necessitates a corresponding shift in the law. The Levitical priesthood, based on the carnal commandments / law of Moses, is no longer the presiding authority. Instead, Jesus, who is not a Levite but a descendant of Judah, has become the high priest. This change in priesthood and law underscores a new and eternal way for believers to access the power of endless life through God's grace and forgiveness. Verses 18-22: The author explains the abrogation / annulment of the former commandment , which was based on the Levitical priesthood, describing it as weak and unprofitable in its ability to bring people to perfection . He explains that was never the purpose; the purpose of the law was to point people to a better hope , a new and more excellent priesthood by which one could draw nigh unto God. This priesthood would arise through Jesus Christ, who serves as the guarantor of a better covenant. This change demonstrates the superiority of the priesthood and the covenant established by Christ, as it is the oath and covenant ( testament ) made by God in the beginning, making it sure , unchangeable , and immutable, ensuring eternal redemption for all who follow it. Verses 23-25 emphasize the permanence of Christ's priesthood. Unlike the Levitical priests who were numerous and subject to death , Jesus holds His priesthood permanently because He lives continuously. His priesthood is an unchangeable priesthood . Therefore, He is able to save completely and intercede for believers who come unto Him forever. This passage underscores the superior and unchanging nature of Christ's priesthood compared to the Levitical priesthood. Verses 26-28: The summary highlights the qualities of Jesus as the perfect high priest . He is holy, harmless , pure , set apart from sinners, and exalted above the heavens. He offered Himself up as a sacrifice for the sins of the people. Unlike the Levitical priests who needed to make daily offerings for their own sins and infirmities , Jesus, as the high priest, offered Himself once for all, completing the work of atonement according to the oath made and consecrated from the beginning, which will continue forever more . ​ Hebrews 8 This chapter continues to elaborate on the heavenly ministry of Jesus as the high priest and reinforces the concept of a new covenant, superior to the old covenant under the Mosaic Law. The chapter cites the prophecy of Jeremiah to emphasize the promise of a personal relationship with God through this new covenant, which supersedes the old covenant, now considered obsolete. Scripture Major Topics/ Themes ​Summary ​Cross-References, Videos & Resources Hebrews 8 A Better Covenant ​ ​ INT ​ Verses 1-6 ​ The Heavenly Ministry (Liturgy): Types and Shadows ​Verses 1-2 introduce the sum , the central chiasmic point, of the book of Hebrews: that Christ, as the high priest, ministers in the true and heavenly tabernacle and sanctuary . He sits on the right-hand Throne of the Majesty in the Heavens . The passage emphasizes that the true tabernacle, which the Lord pitched and not man , is where Christ performs His priestly duties, highlighting the heavenly and eternal nature of His ministry. Verses 3-5 refer to the Levitical priests serving in the earthly Tabernacle. The author explains that the Levitical priests offered gifts and sacrifices according to the Mosaic Law as an example and shadow of heavenly things. The Lord instructed Moses to construct the Tabernacle and the instruments thereof according to a τύπος (type pattern תַּבְנִית ) that was shown to Moses on the Mount . These were all types and shadows of things pointing to Jesus Christ. Christ, as the true high priest, serves in the heavenly sanctuary and offers spiritual sacrifices instead of physical ones, signifying his superior and more perfect ministry. The author also mentions that the Levitical priests serve as a proxy and shadow of the heavenly things, reinforcing the heavenly nature of Christ's priesthood, a type and shadow of the heavenly reality. Verse 6: The author explains that Christ obtained a more excellent ministry ( liturgy ). As the high priest in the heavenly sanctuary, He is the mediator of a better covenant established upon better promises . This verse underscores the superiority of the New Covenant in Christ compared to the Old Covenant based on the Mosaic Law. ​ ​ Verses 7-13 ​ A New Covenant ​Verses 7-9 point out that the Old Covenant made with the Israelites had become flawed . It no longer resembled the covenant that God made with the Fathers. God found fault with that covenant, which is why He rejected the old one and promised a New Covenant (testament). The New Covenant would not be like the Old Covenant, and it would involve God writing His laws on people's hearts, ensuring a more intimate and effective relationship with Him. This passage highlights the need for a better covenant. The author cites Jeremiah 31:31-34 about the promise of a new covenant that contrasts with the old covenant, which the Israelites did not keep. Verses 10-12 explain the promise of the New Covenant, citing Proverbs 7:3 INT , that God will write His laws on the hearts and minds of His people. He will be a God unto them, and they shall be unto Him a people, describing the intimate and personal relationship and knowledge of God that one can attain through the promises of His renewed and everlasting covenant. (Ex 6:7 INT , Lev 26:12 INT Emmanuel , Jer 7:23 INT , 11:4 INT , 30:22 INT , Exek 36:28 INT , Verse 13: The author declares that with the establishment of the New Covenant, the Old Covenant has become used up , worn out , and is vanishing away, becoming obsolete. This verse highlights the permanent and superior nature of the New Covenant in Christ, that it renders the old system outdated. ​ Hebrews 9 Hebrews 9 delineates the differences between the earthly tabernacle and the heavenly sanctuary, highlighting Christ's role as the high priest who offers a superior and once-for-all sacrifice for the forgiveness of sins. The chapter emphasizes the efficacy of Christ's sacrifice in contrast to the limitations of the Levitical system under the old covenant. Scripture Major Topics/ Themes ​Summary ​Cross-References, Videos & Resources Hebrews 9 ​ The Earthly and Heavenly Sanctuaries ​ ​INT ​ Verses 1-10 ​ The Earthly Tabernacle ​Verses 1-5 underscore the ordinances of the divine service . The author describes the cosmic sanctuary of the ancient Tabernacle ( אֹהֶל , מִשְׁכָּן , סֻכָּה ), including the different rooms and vestments. In the first room, the Hagia ( holy , sanctified, sanctuary , from חַג ), the author describes the menorah ( candlestick , lamp stand, מְנורָה ) and the table (שֻׁלְחָן) of shewbread ( ἄρτος , הַפָנִים לֶחֶם ) . In the second room, beyond the veil ( פֹּרֶכֶת ), he described the Holy of Holies, the "Hagia Hagion, the Holiest of all." The author explains this room had once held the golden censer (altar of incense , originally housed in the sanctuary), the ark ( אָרוֹן ) of the covenant / testimony /witness ( עֵדוּת / בְּרִית ) a golden pot with manna ( מָן ), Aaron's rod ( מַטֶּה , שֵׁבֶט , מַקֵּל , מִשְׁעֶנֶת ) that budded ( פָּרַח ) , and the tables ( לוּחַ ) of the covenant ( הַבְּרִית ). Over the mercy-seat ( כַּפֹּרֶת , throne, cover, atonement seat), cherubim ( כְּרוּב ) of glory ( כָּבוד , several times for הוד הָדָר ). which cast their shadows ( צַלְמָוֶת ) over the mercy seat. The author explains that because the ark was lost, they could not speak to the specifics in their day. Verses 6-7: The author describes the rituals that were performed in the two rooms of the Tabernacle; most of the services were performed in the first room, the Sanctuary. But once a year, on Yom Kippur, or "the Day of Atonement," the ordained high priest would be allowed to enter the Holy of Holies. During the ritual, the high priest would offer two blood sacrifices; the first was an offering for his own sins, represented by the blood of an ox, and the second for the people's sins, symbolized by the blood of a goat. Verses 8-10 demonstrate that the Holy Ghost was not yet manifest to most of the people during the time that the first Tabernacle was standing . The Shekenah , the divine dwelling presence of God, was in the Holy of Holies, a location inaccessible to everyone but the high priest, and this presence was only manifest on rare occasions. The absence of the Holy Ghost's influence put limitations on the Old Covenant, and these restrictions were evident in the restrictions that were placed on access to the Most Holy Place in the Tabernacle. These restrictions served as a parable (a symbolic and figurative token), signifying that the way into the true sanctuary had not yet been revealed; the time had not been made present . (That became present following Christ's death and resurrection when the veil was rent in twain and the people were able to receive the Gift of the Holy Ghost during Pentecost) Therefore, the gifts and sacrifices that were offered in the ancient Tabernacle could not make the one doing the services perfect , according to one's conscience . The Old Covenant, with all of its external regulations, the kosher laws, the washings and anointings, and the ordinances, was unable to bring about the inner transformation and true forgiveness of sins that only Christ's sacrifice could achieve according to the New Covenant. Christ alone, through the power of the Holy Ghost, was able to fill in the gaps, the missing pieces, to complete the circle, the seal of Melchizedek - "the king of righteousness," to make the Atonement perfect and complete. ​The Tabernacle and the Messiah Understanding the Day of Atonement or Yom Kippur ​ Verses 11-28 ​ Christ's Sacrifice and the Heavenly Tabernacle ​Verses 11-14 highlight the superior and perfect nature of Christ's high priesthood and sacrifice. Christ , as the high priest of the good things to come , entered the greater and more perfect Tabernacle , which was not built with human hands , offering His own blood only once , instead of numerous bulls , calves , heifers , and goats , to obtain eternal redemption . His sacrifice purifies and sanctifies the conscience of believers from dead works , enabling them to serve the living God . This passage emphasizes the transformative power and permanence of Christ's Atonement compared to the temporary and symbolic offerings of the Old Covenant. Verses 15-22 explain that Christ has become the new mediator under the New Covenant. By means of death , he redeemed the transgressions of the Old ( First ) Covenant , that they who are called might receive the promises of eternal inheritance . Of necessity, Christ's death and resurrection inaugurated the New Covenant because his blood sealed his arrangement as the testator , ensuring the strength (viability) of his Testimony (Will). The passage explains this was the reason why the Old Commandment required blood sacrifice ; blood represented Christ's dedication , his commitment to cleanse and forgive/redeem us. This blood was applied/ sprinkled to the Tabernacle, vestments , and the people under the Old Covenant, foreshadowing the purification achieved through Christ's blood under the New Covenant. Verses 23-24 explain the necessity of patterns / examples and that under the Old Covenant, the earthly Tabernacle required the blood of animals to be purified . However, the heavenly sanctuary, where Christ serves as the high priest, necessitated a better sacrifice because Christ did not enter into a holy place made by hands ; these simply resemble figures of true realities . Christ ascended into the heavens to appear before the presence of God on our behalf. Verses 25-28 explain that Christ does not need to offer Himself repeatedly , as the high priests did under the Old Covenant, entering the earthly sanctuary each year . Instead, He offered Himself once for all, in the heavenly sanctuary to put away the sins of many. The author explains that all men are appointed to die once, and after that, they will await judgment . Likewise, Christ was appointed to die only once to bear the sins of many, but he will appear again a second time without sin, to bring salvation to those who look for Him. ​ "By His Own Blood He Entered in Once into the Holy Place": Jesus in Hebrews 9 Hebrews 10 Hebrews 10 emphasizes the inadequacy of the old covenant sacrifices and the perfection of Christ's sacrifice. The chapter encourages believers to approach God with confidence, hold firm to their faith, and engage in loving and good works, under the new covenant made possible by Christ's atoning work. Scripture Major Topics/ Themes ​Summary ​Cross-References, Videos & Resources Hebrews 10 ​ Christ's Sacrifice and Our Approach to God ​ ​INT ​ Verses 1-4 ​ The Ineffectiveness of Old Sacrifices ​Verses 1-4: The author points out the limitations of the Old Covenant sacrifices. He explains that these sacrifices, continually offered annually, year after year, were shadows and icons ; they could never bring about perfection. They could not provide a clean conscience, take away or purge sin, but rather serve as a reminder of human shortcomings. However, they did point to a law to come, which promised good things ahead. ​ ​ Verses 5-18 ​ Christ's Perfect Sacrifice ​ Verses 5-10: Quotes Psalm 40:6-8 INT . The author explains that God was not pleased with the burnt offerings ( Holo + kostoma "holocaust") for sin. So he said that he would come to do the will of God (The Father), as is recorded at the beginning of the Bible . Christ offered His own will and body as a sacrifice, signifying His obedience and willingness to obey the will of the Father. Christ fulfilled and took away the former law that he might establish the second so that we could all be sanctified through the offering of the body of Jesus Christ at once . Verses 11-14 describe the repeated sacrifices offered by the priests according to the old covenant in contrast with the singular offering made by Christ. The Levitical priests stood daily to offer sacrifices that could never take away sins . Christ offered one perfect sacrifice for sins, then sat down at the right hand of God, signifying its completion. His sacrifice sanctifies and perfects believers forever, emphasizing the superiority of His sacrifice over the old system. Verses 15-18 : Restates the Jeremiah 31:33-34 INT quotation, emphasizing that the promised day has come when the Holy Spirit witnesses to the forgiveness of sin through the New Covenant. God has written and put his laws into the hearts and minds of his people and will no longer require offerings for the remission of sin. For those who repent and turn to Him, he will remember their sins and iniquities no more. There is no longer a need for blood sacrifices to atone for sin in the New Covenant. ​ ​ Verses 19-25 Approaching the Veil with Confidence in Christ's Sacrifice ​Verses 19-22 encourage believers to have confidence and boldness to enter the Most Holy Place through the blood of Jesus, for he has consecrated a new and living way to pass through the veil , which symbolizes His flesh . This passage invites us to draw near to God with true hearts assured in faith, having them sprinkled clean from evil and a guilty conscience, and having our bodies washed with pure water. Verses 23-25 encourage members to hold fast to their profession of their unwavering faith, knowing that God is faithful to His promises . The passage also emphasizes the importance of assembling together regularly, as a community of believers, to provide mutual encouragement, education , support, love, and good works. ​ The Veil of the Temple Represents Jesus Verses 26-27 ​The Consequences of Deliberate Sin Verses 26-31: Discussion of the consequences of deliberate sin for those who have received the knowledge of the truth. It warns there will be no more sacrifice for those sins, and the author warns of the expectations for judgment ; fiery indignation will devour the adversaries who willfully continue to sin and reject God's commandments. The author reminds the audience of the harsh penalties for sin under the Law of Moses and explains the punishment for rejecting the Son of God is even greater. He reminds the listener of the suffering endured by the Savior as he trod the bitter path to achieve sanctification for unholy things and to account for our sins. He reminds the audience that those who insult the grace that Christ offers will have to suffer that path on their own. He explains that God will transfer the vengeance that he paid for, that belongs to him, to those who mock him and are unwilling to receive His help as part of their judgment , reminding the audience that it is a fearful thing to fall into the hands of the living God. ​D&C 19 ​ Verses 32-34 ​ The Endurance of Believers Verses 32-34 commend and remember the early illuminated members for fighting the great fight as they endured faithfully in the face of persecution , affliction , reproaches , and hardship. The author acknowledges that they were treated like livestock; they willingly accepted the confiscation of their lives and possessions for the sake of their faith, and the hope of something greater. Their sacrifices demonstrated commendable perseverance . ​ ​ Verses 35-38 ​ The Importance of Faith & Perseverance ​ Verses 35-37 : Provides encouragement for members to maintain patience , faith, and confidence in God's promises despite trials and challenges. The author reminds us that the faithful will be greatly compensated . Verses 38-39: stress the importance of perseverance and continuing in faith, not drawing back to destruction and perdition . Rather, the author encourages them to believe, to the saving of the soul . ​ Hebrews 11 Hebrews 11 provides an inspiring overview of faith, defining it as the assurance of things hoped for and citing numerous examples from the Old Testament. The chapter underscores the crucial role of faith in the lives of these faithful individuals and encourages believers to follow their example, enduring with faith in God's promises. Scripture Major Topics/ Themes ​Summary ​Cross-References, Videos & Resources Hebrews 11 ​ Faith and the Faithful ​ ​ INT Verses 1-3 ​ ​ Definition of Faith ​ Verses 1-3: The author defines faith as "the substance of things hoped for, the evidence of things not seen ." This passage highlights how the people of old received good reports for their faith. It was also through faith that the world was framed by the word of God. This illustrates the central role of faith in trusting and doing God's work/ will because he can see things that might not be visible to us. ​ ​ Verses 4-40 ​ Examples of Faith in Scripture Outlines various Old Testament figures and their acts of faith. Their faith led to righteousness, obedience, and great achievements. Not perfect people, but it was their faith that pleased God, and he magnified their imperfect natures and offerings, providing them the opportunity to be perfected in Him. Abel and Enoch (Verses 4-6) Abel's offering by faith. Enoch's pleasing walk with God by faith led to him being translated . Noah (Verses 7) Noah's faith in building the ark. Abraham & Sarah (Verses 8-19) Abraham's obedient journey by faith. Sephering the stars , ministry, teaching, and missionary work. Sarah's faith in bearing a child in old age. Abraham's willingness to offer Isaac in faith. Various Figures (Verses 20-31) Isaac , Jacob , Joseph , Moses , Rahab , and others and their acts of faith. Moses' parents' faith in hiding him. Heroes of Faith (Verses 32-40) Gideon , Barak , Samson , Jephthah , David , Samuel , and the prophets. They performed mighty deeds and miracles because they endured with faith. Their example of faith for the future. ​ Hebrews 12 Hebrews 12 emphasizes the importance of endurance, holiness, and peace. It calls on the faithful to join the cloud of witnesses and to endure God's discipline with faith. It compares God to parent or a coach, and depicts chastisement, adversity, and struggle as a means to train and develop profitable and mature heirs to the Kingdom of God. Scripture Major Topics/ Themes ​Summary ​Cross-References, Videos & Resources Hebrews 12 ​ The Call to Endurance and Holiness ​ ​ INT ​ Verses 1-3 ​ The Cloud of Witnesses ​ Verses 1-2: The author acknowledges the faithful, calling them an encompassing cloud of witnesses . He invites us to join the cloud and encourages us to lay aside every weight and sin that hinders us, and to run the path of the race set before us with patience , looking to Jesus, the author (founder), and perfecter ( finisher ) of the faith, who traveled the path set before him with joy, even though he would have to endure shame , contempt , and the agony of the cross . He knew the price was worth it, and he finished his race on the right hand of the throne of God. Verse 3 : A reminder to consider Jesus and his endurance when facing opposition and contradictions , especially among fellow sinners , who frequently don't recognize the consequences of their actions. This mindset can provide encouragement and help us to avoid growing weary or fainthearted . ​ ​ Verses 4-11 ​ God's Discipline ​ Verses 4-6: References God's discipline as evidence of His love for His children. The passage exhorts believers not to resist adversity or despise chastening . These experiences are designed to help us grow. The process of striving and bleeding can strengthen us if we let them. Viewing trials and hardships as opportunities for a loving God to correct and coach us rather than to punish and rebuke us can shape, develop, and refine our character and faith. Verses 7-9: This passage emphasizes that enduring divine chastening is a mark of being God's children; it shows he claims you and he cares. Believers are encouraged to accept God's correction with reverence and humility, as earthly fathers discipline their children for their benefit. This passage highlights the importance of submitting to God's guidance and correction as part of the covenant journey because this is the process by which we can become partakers of His glory. Verses 10-11: The idea that God's discipline, while sometimes unpleasant, is for our profit , it ultimately yields the peaceful fruit of righteousness and holiness to those who have been trained by it. ​ ​ Verses 12-17 ​ Striving for Peace and Holiness ​Verses 12-13 advise believers to lift up arms/ hands that hang down and strengthen feeble knees to make straight paths for their feet . This metaphorical language encourages them to persevere in their faith and to live intentionally through righteous exercise, ensuring that we do not become spiritually crippled but rather have the strength we need to be healed and walk in the way of the Lord. Verses 14-17 emphasize the importance of pursuing peace and holiness, for no one shall see the Lord without these attributes. It warns against falling short of God's grace and cautions against bitterness , moral contamination , immorality , profanity , and lust, citing Esau's example of selling his birthright for a single meal. The passage underscores the need for spiritual vigilance and maintaining a heart of repentance to secure God's blessings now because tomorrow might be too late. God does not want us to suffer the tragedy of neglecting our repentance . ​ ​ Verses 18-24 ​ The Heavenly Jerusalem ​Verses 18-21 : The author contrasts the scene at Mount Sinai with Mount Zion. He describes Sinai as a mountain that the people feared to touch because it burned with fire, blackness, darkness, and tempest. From here, with the sound of a trumpet and a voice of words , they heard God speak to them, but it was too much, and the people begged for relief because they could not endure the things that were commanded . If even a beast approached the mountain, they would be killed. This caused the people to fear God and to quake. Verses 22-24: On the other hand, the author describes Mount Zion as the city of God, the living Jerusalem, filled with a myriad of angels. It is the assembly of the firstborn , just people whose names are written in heaven, made perfect by the Judge of God. This heavenly city is governed by the new covenant, and their mediator is Jesus Christ, who through his Atonement has sanctified them and granted them the blessing of better things than those that were taught to Abel, under to old covenant. ​ Hebrews 13 Hebrews 13 concludes the Book of Hebrews, and offers some practical exhortations for faithful members, to fill in some of the other topics previously discussed, including: love, hospitality, kindness, taking care of one another, respect for leaders, a focus on Zion and the New Jerusalem, fidelity, obedience, and prayer. Scripture Major Topics/ Themes ​Summary ​Cross-References, Videos & Resources Hebrews 13 ​ Practical Exhortations for Christian Living ​ ​INT ​ Verses 1-3 ​ Brotherly Love and Hospitality ​ Verses 1-2: This passage exhorts members to show love for one another and to practice hospitality . It reminds them not to neglect to show kindness to strangers, as some have entertained angels without realizing it. Verse 3: A reminder to consider those who are in bonds and suffer mistreatment as if it were you. ​ ​ Verses 4-6 ​Fidelity, Chastity, & Contentment to God and Spouse ​ Verses 4-5 stress the sanctity of marriage and fidelity. It states that those who violate chastity laws will be judged/ condemned by God. Followers should not covet; they should live in a manner of contentment within their families and with God. The author reminds us that God has promised he would never forsake or leave us. Verse 6: If we want the Lord to help us, we should do likewise to others. When we treat others appropriately, we shouldn't have to fear what others do to us because we know God is always with us. ​ ​ Verses 7-9 ​ Respect for Leaders and the Steadfast and Reliable Nature of Christ ​ Verses 7-8 urge believers to remember and follow the teachings of their spiritual leaders who have spoken the word of God to them. It emphasizes that Jesus Christ is the same yesterday, today, and forever. Verse 9 cautions against being led away by diverse and strange teachings and to rely on God's grace, not rituals or the pursuit of riches. ​ Verses 10-16 ​ ​ The Altar and the Suffering Christ ​ Verses 10-12: The author contrasts the altar of the Tabernacle, which restricted participants from partaking of offerings, comparing it to the altar of the New Covenant, where Jesus encourages participants to partake of the offering. Verses 13-16: The author expresses the idea that Christian followers are not limited to a single camp or city; they seek the city that is to come, offering sacrifices of praise and doing good. ​ ​ Verses 17-19 ​ Obedience and Prayer ​ Verses 17-19: The author calls members to obey their leaders and to submit to their authority, as they watch over souls and must give an account. He prays that we will be counted as profitable and will have a good conscience, having lived honest lives. The author stresses the importance of doing so as he believes it will help him to return to the congregation sooner. (This could be an indication that Paul is the author or someone else who has been separated from the community for whatever reason.) ​ ​ Verses 20-25 ​ Benediction and Greetings ​ Verses 20-21: The closing benediction, invoking the God of peace who brought Christ from the dead, through whom believers are equipped for every good work. Verses 22-25: Personal greetings and the mention of Timothy's release from prison (reinforcing the appeal to endure and seek God's grace.) Also, a salutation from Italy implies the location of the author at the time it was recorded. (Again, possibly Paul, or at least Paul was involved with the compilation. This could have possibly been a liturgy that Paul added his salutations to at the end before it was distributed.) ​ Church Videos & Resources Sacrifice and Sacrament The Tabernacle An High Priest of Good Things to Come Good Things to Come Scripture Central Study Guide Reading Guide Hebrews 7–13 Lynne Hilton Wilson, " Hebrews 7-13 ,"  Come Follow Me: The New Testament , 2019. John Hilton III. " Teaching the Scriptural Emphasis on the Crucifixion of Jesus Christ ."  Religious Educator , 20 (3): 133-153 (2019). Jesus as the Great High Priest: Donald W. Parry, “ Ancient Sacred Vestments: Scriptural Symbols and Meanings ,”  Interpreter: A Journal of Latter-day Saint Faith and Scholarship  48 (2021): 11–32. Richard D. Draper, “‘ By His Own Blood He Entered in Once into the Holy Place ’: Jesus in Hebrews 9” in  Thou Art the Christ: The Son of the Living God, The Person and Work of Jesus in the New Testament,  ed. Eric D. Huntsman, Lincoln H. Blumell, and Tyler J. Griffin (Religious Studies Center, Brigham Young University; Salt Lake City: Deseret Book, 2018), 216–243. John S. Tanner, “ Christ, Our Advocate and High Priest ,”  Religious Educator  8, no. 2 (2007): 26–34 Melchizedek Priesthood: Frank F. Judd  Jr., “ Melchizedek: Seeing After the Zion of Enoch ” in  Sperry Symposium Classics: The Old Testament , ed. Paul Y. Hoskisson (Provo and Salt Lake City: Religious Studies Center, Brigham Young University, and Deseret Book 2005), 69–82.  “Question: Was the priesthood held by Jesus priesthood not 'transferable' to members of the Church?”  FairMormon.org. Robert L. Millet, “ Prophets and Priesthood in the Old Testament, ” in  Sperry Symposium Classics: The Old Testament , ed. Paul Y. Hoskisson (Provo and Salt Lake City: Religious Studies Center, Brigham Young University, and Deseret Book 2005), 48–68 Robert L. Millet, “ The Holy Order of God ,” in  The Book of Mormon: Alma, The Testimony of the Word , eds. Monte S. Nyman and Charles D. Tate Jr., (Provo, Utah: Religious Studies Center, Brigham Young University, 1992), 61–88. Faith, the Act of Trusting God Jeffrey W. Carter, " Belief in a Promise: The Power of Faith ," Religious Educator 13, no. 3 (2012): 173–187. David A. Bednar, “ Seek Learning by Faith ,”  Liahona , September 2007 The Bible Project Book of Hebrews Summary: A Complete Animated Overview BYU’s RSC Hebrews and the General Epistles Authorship of the Epistle to the Hebrews “Fear Not, I Am with Thee”: The Redeeming, Strengthening, and Perfecting Blessings of Christ’s Atonement Additional Videos & Insights Book of Hebrews Historical Background | Why was Hebrews written? New Testament History, Culture, and Society Early Church History Timeline 0 to 500 AD ( PDF version, download )

CFM: October 30–November 5 Hebrews 1–6 Videos and Podcasts Video/ Podcast ​Lesson Extension ​Additional Materials Scripture Central Hebrews 1-6 Study Guide Follow Him Hebrews 1-6 Part 1 , Part 2 Transcripts Line Upon Line Hebrews 1-6 ​FHE Lesson Teaching with Power Hebrews 1-6 ​ Don't Miss This Hebrews 1-6 ​ ​CFM New Testament Hebrews 1-6 ​Unshaken Hebrews 1-6 ( Part 1 , Part 2 ) ​ ​The Interpreter Foundation Hebrews 1-6 ​Study helps by Jonn Claybaugh ​Teaching Helps with John Hilton Hebrews 1-6 ​ ​Ponderfun Hebrews 1-6 ( not yet posted ) ​Talking Scripture Hebrews 1-6 Show Notes ​Hurricane Utah Adult Religion Class , New Testament Hebrews & The Epistle of James: Notes , Slides , Handout Resources and Insights about this Week's Lesson Dr Matthew Gray provides a fantastic overview for the Book of Hebrews on Follow Him podcast. He frames the historical and literary context of this book beautifully, and outlines these chapters in a way that makes them very approachable and very powerful. In opening his discussion, Dr. Gray begins with the following statement, which is a very helpful perspective when one begins to study this book. It's really fun to work through Hebrew scholarship and interact with scholars who spend a lot of their career studying this book. Speaking of the complexity of the background and how much we do or don't know, one of my favorite common sayings in Hebrew scholarship, the more you study the epistle of Paul to the Hebrews, the more you come away with three certainties. One is that it's not an epistle. Two, that it was not written by Paul, and Three, that it was not written to the Hebrews. With that in mind there are a lot of different theories in circulation about who the author of Hebrews actually was and we simply do not know. The following resource discuss some of those theories, and can be helpful. “ Authorship of the Epistle to the Hebrews ” Condescension of God I am a visual learner, and it helps me to see things mapped out, and I believe that is what the author of Hebrews is doing in their summary. In previous lessons, we discussed the principles of Justification through the Grace of Jesus Christ and Sanctification. Justification is offered through the Grace of God, it is a gift that only He can provide through the Power of His Atonement, which he performed as part of His Condescension. This was the process of Jesus Christ "coming down" from the Throne of Heaven in steps and stages, to descend below all things, to rescue us, to be with us, so he can help to lift us up. The word condescension literally means to descend together with ( synapago , yarad , katavaino ). The English word comes from the Latin root skala , and the Greek root klino which is where we get the English words scale, escalator, ascend, descend, climb. The Greeks borrowed this word from Latin to indicate a stair, staircase, ladder , rungs, and even a stumbling block or scandal . These are concepts indicative of falling, bowing, bending, being made low, laying down, and becoming humble. Sanctification is the process of an individual's ascension from Earth to the Heavenly throne on High. This also comes in steps and stages, like a ladder, as one learn to become spiritually mature and apply the blessings of God's Laws to their life as they learn to Live the Gospel of Jesus Christ. This is indicative of the process of Ascending the Mountain of the Lord that is found all throughout Scripture. This topic is introduced in Chapters 5 and 6, and is the primary topic for next week's lesson. In this week's lesson we are examining Chapters 1-5, which primarily focus on Christ's Condescension, and we see the author demonstrate the concept of descension by outlining the hierarchical steps of Christ's gradual descension from his throne on high to his descension below all things, into Hell itself, to rescue the sinner from both spiritual and physical death, those who want/choose to be saved. One can observe this visually from the authors description in Hebrews. Overview: Hebrews 1 The Book of Hebrews addresses a Christian audience, emphasizing the preeminence of Jesus Christ, especially for believers from Jewish backgrounds who might be tempted to revert to their former religious practices or doubt Christ's significance. Scripture Major Topics/ Themes ​Summary ​Cross-References, Videos & Resources Hebrews 1 ​ ​ ​INT ​ Verses 1-4: ​ Supremacy of Christ This introductory hymn highlights God's communication with various patriarchs and prophets at various times , and in various ways throughout history to describe these principles. The author describes Jesus Christ as the latest and most recent individual who taught these principles, and he sets Christ apart not only as the most recent revelator but also as the Son of God, the appointed heir, the Creator , and the sustainer of eternal worlds. He explains that this was done through the Power of the Atonement. The author continues to explain that because of Christ's " brightness " (his ability to reflect the light and majesty of the Father perfectly), he was able to uphold the power of the word , (law, promise, decree). By himself, Christ purged our sin and sat down on the right hand of the Majesty on High. ​Psalm 144:3 ​ Verses 5-14: ​Christ as the Son of God, the Eternal King, Supremacy to Angels ​ The author supports Christ's superiority as the begotten son of God to angels (ministers). He references seven specific Old Testament scriptures to demonstrate and support these principles. Verses 5-7 establish Jesus' divine role as God's sole and first Begotten Son. These passages remind the reader that God never said to any angel, "You are my Son." This emphasizes Christ's role as the eternal, ruling King whom the angels worship , for it is Christ who manifests his spirit in the angels and lights his flame of fire within his servants . Verses 8-9: The author continues to highlight the superiority of the Son, Jesus Christ, over the angels. This passage references the angels as God's servants and ministers, but it contrasts them with the Son, who is positioned above his fellows and seated upon God's eternal throne , carrying the scepter of righteousness , the scepter of kingship , and anointed with the oil of gladness ( exultation ). This passage emphasizes the unique and exalted nature of Jesus, who is not just a servant but the divine Son of God, worthy of worship and eternal glory. Verse 10 reflects Jesus Christ as the Creator, who laid the foundations of the earth and heavens , and everything within them, through the work of his own hands . Verses 11-12: The author continues to assert the superiority of the Son, contrasting Him with the created universe, which will perish , and emphasizes the unchanging nature of Christ, which will remain throughout the ages. He uses the analogy of an old garment that will eventually wax old . As a vesture , it will be folded up and changed , yet the consistency of Christ will remain the same and will not fail . Verse 13-14 This passage reaffirms that the angels are ministering spirits sent to serve the believers, those who are intended to be heirs of salvation with Christ. ​ ​ (Hebrews 1:5) Psalm 2:7 - "You are my Son; today I have become your Father." (Hebrews 1:5) 2 Samuel 7:14 - "I will be his father, and he will be my son." (Hebrews 1:6) Deuteronomy 32:43 - "Let all God's angels worship him." (Hebrews 1:7) Psalm 104:4 - "He makes his angels spirits, and his servants flames of fire." Psalm 102:25-27 (Hebrews 1:8-9) Psalm 45:6-7 - "Your throne, O God, will last forever and ever; a scepter of justice will be the scepter of your kingdom." (Hebrews 1:10) Psalm 102:25-27 "And thou Lord, in the beginning has laid the foundations of the earth and the heavens are the works of your hands ." (Hebrews 1:13) Psalm 110:1 "sit on my right hand until I make your enemies a footstool." Hebrews 2 Scripture Major Topics/ Themes ​Summary ​Cross-References, Videos & Resources Hebrews 2 ​ ​ INT ​ Verses 1-18 ​ Jesus descends below the Angels and takes a Human Form in His Role as Savior and Redeemer Verses 1-4: The author warns the saints to heed the things we have heard earnestly so that we do not slip or drift away. He reminds his audience that the message spoken by angels was steadfast ( binding ), and every transgression ( violation ) and disobedience ( negligence ) would receive a just recompense . If one neglect s the salvation offered through Jesus Christ, there will be no escape ; they will, therefore, be obligated to pay the penalty for their sin, as the Lord first explained from the beginning . When we heard this proposal, we agreed to it and confirmed it. According to God's will , this message was confirmed multiple times through reliable witnesses and accompanied by various signs , wonders , miracles , and gifts of the Holy Spirit, according to God's will . Verses 5-9: This passage speaks about the exalted destiny of humanity. It highlights that God did not subject the world to come to angels but to humans. He quotes Psalms 8:4-9, emphasizing the unique position and authority given to mankind . It discusses Jesus, who, for a little while, was made a little lower than the angels but is now crowned with glory and honor . The passage underscores Jesus' role as the Savior and Redeemer because he tasted the death of every individual being and collective whole through his suffering and death . Because of His victory and grace, he has opened the pathway for mankind to receive redemption and salvation. Verses 10-13: This passage elaborates on Jesus' humanity and his role as the pioneer ( captain , author, prince, first/principle leader ) of our salvation through his suffering. It underscores that Jesus, who is perfect, became the source of salvation for all believers because he became like us in every way; he suffered as we suffer. And because of this, he has the ability and experience to make things whole and perfect (for us, in the end ). The author explains that through this process, both Jesus as the sanctifier and those who are sanctified become one (the at one ment), and because of this, he is not ashamed to call them brethren (and sisters). He even says that Jesus will declare the names of his brothers and sisters in the midst of the assembly and will sing their praises. For this purpose, the author states he will put his trust in Christ because he wants to be among those children that Jesus claims . 14-18 Jesus is described as the " high pries t" who sympathizes with human weaknesses and is able to help those who are fallen. The author explains that because the children of God became partakers of flesh and blood , Christ himself took part in the same so that through His death, He might destroy the power that the devil (Lucifer) held over them as the owner of death. In so doing, the Savior could deliver his people from the fear of death, which they were subjected to throughout their lifetimes as slaves to the devil. In so doing, he did not take upon himself the form or nature of an angel but the form and nature of the seed of Abraham. In everything He did, it behooved him (he was under obligation ) to be made like his brethren so that he could pay their debt, their ransom. so that he could become a merciful and faithful High Priest in the things pertaining to God to make reconciliation for the people 's sins. Due to His own experiences of temptation and suffering , He possesses the empathy and capability to succor ( help , lift, comfort, support, console) those who cry out to Him while enduring life's trials , challenges, and tests of faith. ​ (Hebrews 2:6-8) Psalm 8:4-6 4 What is man , that thou art mindful of him? and the son of man, that thou visitest him? 5 For thou hast made him a little lower than the angels , and hast crowned him with glory and honour. 6 Thou madest him to have dominion over the works of thy hands; thou hast put all things under his feet: Hebrews 3 Scripture Major Topics/ Themes ​Summary ​Cross-References, Videos & Resources Hebrews 3 ​ ​ ​INT ​ ​ Jesus as the Superior to Moses, the Prophet, Apostles, and High Priest ​ Verse 1: Introduction, the author presents Jesus Christ as The High Priest and Apostle of the Christian faith. This is his profession . It is also the profession of all who become heavenly partakers of the holy calling. Verses 2-6: The author compares Jesus to Moses , acknowledging Moses' faithfulness as a worthy servant in God's house . However, it emphasizes that Jesus is worthy of greater honor as the builder of God's house. The passage underscores the significance of Christ's role in the Christian faith and presents Him as the central figure and the one to whom believers should look for guidance and salvation. ​ ​ Warning to heed the lessons of the Rebellious Israelites ​ Verses 7-11: This passage issues a warning from the voice of the Holy Ghost and pleads for the listener to hear . It references the Israelites' rebellion in the wilderness when they hardened their hearts, provoking God and testing His patience. For forty years, God proved himself to them; they saw his works and miracles, yet they continued to err in their hearts and refused to know His ways. Their disobedience and rebellion incurred God's wrath , according to his word , and they were excluded from God's rest . The Spirit's message is clear: one must heed God's voice and remain faithful to avoid the consequences of unbelief and unrighteousness. Verses 12-15: The author exhorts humanity against having an unbelieving heart and departing from the living God (apostasy). He encourages mutual and daily exhortation and warns against the deceitfulness of sin . Members are reminded that from the beginning, we were made to be partakers of Christ, and the author encourages believers to hold fast to their confidence in Christ to the end. He encourages us to hear His voice, not to harden our hearts or provoke Him. Verses 16-19: The author advises the audience to take a lesson from the account of the rebellious Israelites. Despite being God's chosen people, their persistent disobedience caused them to face dire consequences and perish in the wilderness. God had warned them of these consequences, yet their refusal to believe Him ultimately led to their permanent expulsion. ​ Hebrews 4 Scripture Major Topics/ Themes ​Summary ​Cross-References, Videos & Resources Hebrews 4 ​ ​ ​ INT ​ ​ Entering God's Rest through Faith, a Parallel to the Sabbath (7th) Day Verses 1-3: This passage continues from the previous chapter, and emphasizes the importance of entering God's rest through faith and warns against falling short of it, just as the Israelites did in the wilderness. It stresses that the promise of rest remains available but can only be fully realized through faith. Unbelief, as seen in the Israelites' example, is a hindrance to entering God's rest. ( Psalm 95:7-11 ). Verses 4-10: The author discusses the concept of entering God's rest, emphasizing that God rested on the seventh day after creation. This section parallels this rest with the promise of entering God's rest through the regular observance of the Sabbath. The passage encourages readers to strive to enter that rest, just as Jesus did. It underscores the importance of ceasing from one's own works and relying on the rest provided by the Savior. Jesus is presented as the one who makes this rest possible. Compare this to the seven steps of condescension discussed in the opening summary. Verses 11-13: This section underscores the importance of diligently laboring to enter into God's rest because if one fails to do so, they risk falling into apathy and unbelief . This passage also highlights the power of God's Word , " sharper than any sword , two-edged and piercing , even to the dividing asunder of soul and spirit , joints and marrow ." The author describes the Word as living and active, discerning the thoughts and intentions of the heart. He explains that God's power is manifest in all things, He sees all things . The author emphasizes that everything is naked and exposed before God, and there is no creature hidden from His sight. ​ ​ ​ Jesus as the Great High Priest Verses 14-15: describe Jesus as the great high priest who sympathizes with human weaknesses: infirmities , temptations . The passage emphasizes that Jesus has been tested and tempted in every way, yet He remained without sin. This portrays Jesus as a compassionate and understanding high priest who can help those facing trials and temptations. Verse 16: An invitation for believers to confidently approach God's Throne of Grace to obtain mercy and find help in times of need . It underscores the accessibility of God's presence and willingness to offer assistance and favor to those seeking Him. ​ Hebrews 5 Scripture Major Topics/ Themes ​Summary ​Cross-References, Videos & Resources Hebrews 5 ​ ​ ​ INT ​ Verses 1-10 ​ Jesus as the High Priest in the Order of Melchizedek ​ Verses 1-4 describe the qualifications and responsibilities of a high priest, emphasizing the need for a high priest to be chosen among people and ordained before God so that he may offer gifts and sacrifices for sins. The passage highlights that a high priest needs to show compassion for those who are ignorant and " out of the way ," he recognizes that he is also encompassed by with infirmities . A High Priest does not take this honor upon himself but is called by God, as was Aaron . Verses 5-6 introduce Jesus as a high priest, emphasizing that God appointed him to this role. The passage quotes Psalm 2:7 and Psalm 110:4 to illustrate Jesus' unique position as the Son of God and the high priest in the order of Melchizedek . This highlights the divine origin and significance of Jesus' priesthood. Verses 7-10: This passage emphasizes Jesus' deep prayers and supplications to God the Father during His earthly life, describing events of mighty crying and tears , especially during the events surrounding his Atonement and Crucifixion. The Savior's mission caused him tremendous pain, and with reverence , he carried the burdens placed upon him as he witnessed and experienced the pains of the World. Through humility and his willing submission to obey the Father, Christ learned and experienced the pains of life and death. Being made perfect (complete, finishing his goal), he became the author of eternal salvation to all who would obey Him, those who are called high priests after the order of Melchizedek . All previous High Priests in the Ancient Temple served under God. On Yom Kippur, these stewards acted as proxies and shadows pointing to Christ. All current High Priests likewise serve in a similar capacity as His servants, pointing back to Christ and hopefully reflecting types and shadows of His divine attributes of love, humility, selflessness, and compassion. ​ Psalm 2:7 : I will declare the decree: the Lord hath said unto me, Thou art my Son ; this day have I begotten thee. Psalm 110:4 : The Lord hath sworn , and will not repent , Thou art a priest for ever after the order of Melchizedek . ​ Verses 11-14 ​ Warning against Spiritual Immaturity ​ Verses 11-13 chasten the author's audience for their spiritual immaturity. The passage suggests that this community should have already become teachers , but they are still " dull of hearing ," and they require someone to teach them the basic principles of God's Word ( oracles ). These verses highlight the need for believers to progress and move beyond the milk , the elementary teachings of faith ( 1 Cor 3:2 ). They need to progress to the point of being able to partake of and digest the meat , the necessary and sustaining nourishment for a mature disciple of Christ. He states that those who rely only on milk are unskilled (ignorant) in the word of righteousness ; they don't understand the power and potential they possess, and they are still operating as babies Verse 14 discusses those who are spiritually mature , stating that they have exercised , through their experience and senses , powers of discernment and are trained to distinguish good from evil. This verse underscores the importance and necessity of spiritual maturity and the ability to make wise, moral distinctions, which are characteristics of those who have grown in their faith. ​ Hebrews 6 Scripture Major Topics/ Themes ​Summary ​Cross-References, Videos & Resources Hebrews 6 ​ ​ ​ ​ Verses 1-12 ​ Nutrition: The Sustaining Power of Meat in Preventing the Believers from Deception and Apostasy ​ Verses 1-3 continue from the previous chapter and encourage believers to progress beyond the elementary teachings about Christ that were previously mentioned. It lists and reviews these elementary principles, outlining the foundation for the 4th Article of Faith: faith in God, repentance from dead works, instructions about baptisms , the laying on of hands , the resurrection of the dead, and eternal judgment . Verses 4-6: In the author's introduction to the "meat," he stresses the importance of pursuing it because learning Gospel doctrine will help to protect members from deception and apostasy. The author stresses a sobering warning to those who fail to pursue this sanctification process and those who don't take their covenants seriously. According to the terms and conditions of the Oath and Covenant, where much is given, much is expected, and this knowledge comes with great responsibility. This passage describes and highlights individuals who come to the peak and goal of this pursuit. These are individuals who pass through the veil and approach the Throne of God. This is a description of individuals who have had their callings and elections made sure, who intentionally and knowingly commit the Unpardonable sin of denying the Holy Ghost . These are individuals who, in spite of experiencing the marvelous blessings of God, including enlightenment and tasting the fruits of the heavenly gift ( 1 Nephi 8 ), which include receiving the sealing powers of the eternities to come and being made as partakers (partners) with the Holy Spirit, intentionally choose to fall and turn away ( מָעַל ). This passage states that renewing these individuals to repentance (to change their hearts and minds) is impossible , and they choose to become Sons of Perdition in that they shed innocent blood ( D&C 132:27 ). Through their betrayal, they crucify the Son of God afresh and expose Him to open shame (as examples for Christ, they expose God's Church to public disgrace and mockery). This serves as a caution against turning away from the faith once embraced, as it clearly specifies the severity of the consequences. Verses 7-8: The author uses an analogy of the Earth that receives and drinks abundant rain , having the potential to produce botanicals (fruit, herbs) and blessed dressings ( agriculture ). He contrasts that by describing a barren land that rejects the blessings, cursed, bearing thorns and briars that will eventually burn and end . Verses 9-12 continue to discuss Jesus as the source of eternal salvation for those who obey Him, appointed as a high priest in the order of Melchizedek. The author attempts to persuade his beloved audience to seek the better things that accompany salvation . He reminds them that God has not forgotten them and sees their labours of love ; the charitable ministries they have pursued in His name . He desires to reassure them, that their diligence is recognized. He encourages them not to be slothful , but to have faith , patience , and hope as they endure to the end . In doing so, they will inherit the promised blessings . ​Revelation for the Church, Revelation for Our Lives "Brothers and sisters, how can we become the men and women—the Christlike servants—the Lord needs us to be? How can we find answers to questions that perplex us? If Joseph Smith’s transcendent experience in the Sacred Grove teaches us anything, it is that the heavens are open and that God speaks to His children...I urge you to stretch beyond your current spiritual ability to receive personal revelation, for the Lord has promised that “if thou shalt [seek], thou shalt receive revelation upon revelation, knowledge upon knowledge, that thou mayest know the mysteries and peaceable things—that which bringeth joy, that which bringeth life eternal.” 12 Oh, there is so much more that your Father in Heaven wants you to know. As Elder Neal A. Maxwell taught, “To those who have eyes to see and ears to hear, it is clear that the Father and the Son are giving away the secrets of the universe!”... Our Savior and Redeemer, Jesus Christ, will perform some of His mightiest works between now and when He comes again. We will see miraculous indications that God the Father and His Son, Jesus Christ, preside over this Church in majesty and glory. But in coming days, it will not be possible to survive spiritually without the guiding, directing, comforting, and constant influence of the Holy Ghost. My beloved brothers and sisters, I plead with you to increase your spiritual capacity to receive revelation. ​ Verses 13-20 ​ God's Unchanging Promise ​ Verses 13-16: The author refers to God's promise to Abraham and illustrates His faithfulness by highlighting the certainty of His promise. The passage emphasizes that when people make oaths, they swear by something greater to establish their word. There is nothing greater than God; he, therefore, swore against himself. He took full responsibility. God, desiring to show His purpose's unchangeable and patient nature, obtained and confirmed His promise with an oath. This demonstrates the absolute reliability of God's covenant and the surety of His commitments. Verses 17-20: The assurance of God's immutable ( unchanging ) and willingly abundant nature and the hope he sets before us, as one who cannot lie , provides an anchor and consolation for the soul . We know we can trust him and be assured of the reliability of His covenant. This hope is described as entering within the veil , into the Holy of Holies, the inner sanctuary where Jesus, as the high priest in the order of Melchizedek, has gone before us. This chapter underscores the security of our hope and the assurance of our salvation in Christ. ​ Church Videos & Resources Godly Sorrow Leads to Repentance Scripture Central Study Guide Reading Guide Hebrews 1–6 Lynne Hilton Wilson, " Hebrews 1-6 ,"  Come Follow Me: The New Testament , 2019. John Hilton III. " Teaching the Scriptural Emphasis on the Crucifixion of Jesus Christ ."  Religious Educator , 20 (3): 133-153 (2019). Authorship, Context, and Themes: Lincoln H. Blumell, Frank F. Judd Jr., and George A. Pierce, “ Hebrews and the General Epistles: Hebrews, James, 1-2 Peter, 1-3 John, and Jude, ” in  New Testament History, Culture, and Society: A Background to the Texts of the New Testament,  ed. Lincoln H. Blumell (Religious Studies Center, Brigham Young University; Salt Lake City: Deseret Book, 2019), 446-465. Terrence L. Szink, “ Authorship of the Epistle to the Hebrews ” in  How the New Testament Came to Be: The Thirty-fifth Annual Sidney B. Sperry Symposium , ed. Kent P. Jackson and Frank F. Judd Jr. (Provo, UT: Religious Studies Center, Brigham Young University; Salt Lake City: Deseret Book, 2006), 243–259. Hopkin, Shon D. “Latter-Day Saint Liturgical Practice: The Psalms and the Day of Atonement.” Latter-day Saint Liturgical Practice: The Psalms and the Day of Atonement. from Understanding Covenants and Communities: Jews and Latter-Day Saints in Dialogue . https://rsc.byu.edu/understanding-covenants-communities/latter-day-saint-liturgical-practicepsalms-day-atonement. Hopkin, Shon D., and J. Arden Hopkin. “The Psalms Sung: The Power of Music in Sacred Worship.” The Psalms Sung. Approaching Holiness: Exploring the History and Teachings of the Old Testament https://rsc.byu.edu/approachingholiness/psalms-sung. Lane, Jennifer C. “The Whole Meaning of the Law.” The Whole Meaning of the Law." (from Approaching Holiness listed above.) Millet, Robert L. “ Prophets and Priesthood in The Old Testament .” Prophets and Priesthood in the Old Testament . Accessed October 11, 2023. https://rsc.byu.edu/sperry-symposium-classics-oldtestament/prophets-priesthood-old-testament. “Jesus Christ Is ‘the Express Image’ of Heavenly Father” Margaret Barker, “ The Lord is One ,”  BYU Studies  56, no. 1. Craig J. Ostler, “ The Divine Nature of Jesus Christ during Mortality ,” in  Jesus Christ: Son of God, Savior , ed. Paul H. Peterson, Gary L. Hatch, and Laura D. Card (Provo, UT: Religious Studies Center, Brigham Young University, 2002), 207–24. Jeffrey R. Holland, “ The Grandeur of God, ”  General Conference October 2003. “Jesus Christ Suffered Temptation and Infirmities so that He Can Understand and Help Me” Elder Bruce C. and Marie K. Hafen, “ ‘Fear Not I Am With Thee ’: The Redeeming, Strengthening, and Perfect Blessings of Christ's Atonement,”  Religious Educator  16, no.1 (2015): 10–31. Gene R. Cook, “ The Love of God: Suffering Tribulation in the Redeemer’s Name, ”  BYU Speeches February 2005. Jeffrey R. Holland and Patricia T. Holland, “ The Inconvenient Messiah, ”  BYU Speeches February 1982. Bednar, David A. “‘ In the Strength of the Lord .’” BYU Speeches, March 10, 2023. https://speeches.byu.edu/talks/david-a-bednar/strength-lord/. Melchizedek Judd, Frank F. “ Melchizedek .” Melchizedek . Accessed October 11, 2023. https://rsc.byu.edu/sperry-symposium-classics-old-testament/melchizedek. Madsen, Ann N. Melchizedek at Qumran and Nag Hammadi . Accessed October 11, 2023. https://rsc.byu.edu/apocryphal-writings-latter-day-saints/melchizedek-qumran-nag-hammadi. Harden Not Your Heart Gaye Strathearn, “ Let Us Therefore Come Boldly to the Throne of Grace ,”  BYU Women’s Conferences May 2014. The Bible Project Book of Hebrews Summary: A Complete Animated Overview BYU’s RSC Hebrews and the General Epistles Authorship of the Epistle to the Hebrews “Fear Not, I Am with Thee”: The Redeeming, Strengthening, and Perfecting Blessings of Christ’s Atonement Additional Videos & Insights Book of Hebrews Historical Background | Why was Hebrews written? New Testament History, Culture, and Society Early Church History Timeline 0 to 500 AD ( PDF version, download )

CFM: October 23–29 1 and 2 Timothy ; Titus ; Philemon Videos and Podcasts Video/ Podcast ​Lesson Extension ​Additional Materials Scripture Central 1 and 2 Timothy; Titus; Philemon Study Guide Follow Him 1 and 2 Timothy; Titus; Philemon Part 1 , Part 2 Transcripts Line Upon Line 1 and 2 Timothy; Titus; Philemon Teaching with Power 1 and 2 Timothy; Titus; Philemon ​ Don't Miss This 1 and 2 Timothy; Titus; Philemon ​ ​CFM New Testament 1 and 2 Timothy; Titus; Philemon ​Unshaken 1 and 2 Timothy; Titus; Philemon ( Part 1 , Part 2 ) ​ ​The Interpreter Foundation 1 and 2 Timothy; Titus; Philemon ​Study helps by Jonn Claybaugh ​Teaching Helps with John Hilton 1 and 2 Timothy; Titus; Philemon ​ ​Ponderfun 1 and 2 Timothy; Titus; Philemon ( not yet posted ) ​Talking Scripture 1 and 2 Timothy; Titus; Philemon Show Notes ​Hurricane Utah Adult Religion Class , New Testament The Epistles of Paul, 1 and 2 Timothy; Titus; Philemon : Notes , Slides , Handout Resources and Insights about this Week's Lesson Crete, a Brief Historical Overview Crete , the largest and most populous of the Greek islands, holds a significant place in history and culture. Its story begins with the illustrious Minoan civilization, which thrived around 2600 BCE. Named after the mythological King Minos, the Minoans left an indelible mark with their advanced architecture, intricate art, and complex infrastructure, epitomized by the remarkable Palace of Knossos . ( The Minoans: A Civilization of Bronze Age Crete ) Around 1450 BCE, a catastrophic volcanic eruption on the island of Thera (modern-day Santorini) had devastating consequences for the Minoan civilization ( Akrotiri and the Eruption of Thera: The Pompeii of the Aegean ). The eruption triggered multiple tsunamis that struck Crete, leading to the decimation of the Minoan merchant naval fleets. This catastrophic event obliterated a significant portion of their trading network, resulting in profound economic challenges. Concurrently, the environmental aftermath of the eruption further strained the Minoan community. Crete had been long-time rivals with the Mycenaean culture on the Greek mainland, known for its militaristic aggressiveness. Seizing the opportunity presented by the Minoans' misfortune, the Mycenaeans invaded the island. This invasion marked the beginning of a prolonged struggle for control over various trade routes in the Mediterranean. Scholars propose that the Philistine community, featured in accounts like the story of David and Goliath, might have comprised Mycenaean warriors who had established a presence in Crete. Some literary sources even suggest the intriguing possibility that Goliath, the famed giant, could have been a direct descendant of King Agamemnon , the legendary leader of the Greek army during the Trojan War, as chronicled in Homer's Iliad. It is thought that these Mycenaean warriors, hailing from Crete, vied for control over the lower coastal ports of the Levant, known today as the Gaza Strip, with the aim of securing valuable trading posts in the Near East. This fusion of Mycenaean and Minoan influences profoundly shaped the ancient Cretan culture and left a lasting impact on various communities throughout the ancient world. Crete assumed a pivotal role in international affairs during the 14th century BCE, particularly through its interactions with the influential Egyptian civilization. The Amarna Letters , a collection of diplomatic correspondences, prominently highlight Crete in discussions involving the Egyptian pharaoh and a spectrum of rulers. These exchanges encompassed significant diplomatic partners, such as the Phoenicians , who held paramount importance in their relations with Israel and were largely instrumental in the construction of Solomon's Temple. In the Old Testament, Crete is often associated with the biblical figure of Caphtor , though this link is subject to debate among scholars. Some suggest Caphtor might refer to the island of Crete or its vicinity. Crete's connection to early Christianity is significant, particularly due to the presence of the apostle Paul and his disciple Titus. The biblical Book of Titus in the New Testament pertains to Titus's mission in Crete. Paul's influence and teachings left a lasting impact on the island, contributing to the growth of the early Christian community. Today, Crete's rich history, archaeological treasures, and its association with the Minoan civilization make it a captivating destination for history enthusiasts, archaeologists, and travelers exploring the legacies of the ancient world and the foundations of early Christianity. Cretan Mythology Crete, with its ancient and influential Minoan civilization, played a significant role in the development of Greek mythology. Several aspects of Cretan culture, traditions, and historical sites are believed to have influenced and contributed to the broader Greek mythological narrative. Here are a few examples: 1. The Myth of the Minotaur and the Labyrinth : Perhaps the most famous myth associated with Crete is the tale of the Minotaur, a creature with the body of a man and the head of a bull. This myth is centered around the Labyrinth, a complex maze designed by the legendary architect Daedalus. King Minos of Crete is said to have imprisoned the Minotaur within the Labyrinth. The hero Theseus, with the help of Princess Ariadne, ventured to Crete and defeated the Minotaur. This myth reflects the intertwined nature of Greek and Minoan mythology. 2. Atlantas: Crete, with its rich history and connection to the advanced Minoan civilization, has been suggested as a possible inspiration for Plato's story of Atlantis. While there is ongoing debate among scholars, some believe that the grandeur of the Minoan palaces, their advanced maritime capabilities, and the island's cataclysmic experiences, including volcanic eruptions and tsunamis, may have contributed to the concept of Atlantis. Plato's description of Atlantis as an advanced, island-dwelling civilization that ultimately faced a catastrophic downfall bears intriguing parallels to elements of Minoan history. The potential connection between Crete and the Atlantis narrative adds an enigmatic layer to the island's already captivating history. 3. Deities and Sacred Sites: Crete had a rich religious tradition, with deities that influenced Greek mythology. The island was associated with the birthplace of Zeus, the king of the Greek gods. The Ideon Cave on Crete was considered sacred and was believed to be the birthplace of Zeus. This sacred geography played a role in the development of Greek myths related to Zeus. 4. Minoan Art and Symbols: Minoan art, with its intricate frescoes and pottery, is believed to have influenced the iconography and symbolism in Greek art and mythology. Images of animals, such as the bull, the snake, and the double axe (labrys), found in Minoan art, are thought to have inspired elements of Greek mythology and religious symbolism. 5. Cultural Exchanges: The close proximity of Crete to the Greek mainland, as well as its role as a trading and cultural hub in the ancient Mediterranean, likely led to the exchange of stories, beliefs, and rituals. This cultural interchange may have contributed to the development of Greek myths, incorporating elements from the Minoan, Phoenician, and Israelite traditions. While the exact nature and extent of Crete's influence on Greek mythology are a subject of ongoing scholarly debate, there is no doubt that the island's rich history, culture, and myths have left an indelible mark on the broader tapestry of ancient Greek storytelling and religion. Titus Titus, a Gentile Christian closely associated with the apostle Paul, played a vital role in the early Christian church. While specific details about his origin and initial encounter with Paul are not provided in the New Testament, Titus became a trusted co-worker who accompanied Paul on missionary journeys. Notably, Titus was part of the Jerusalem Council, where the inclusion of Gentile believers and the issue of circumcision were discussed. His presence served as an example of a Gentile Christian who was not compelled to be circumcised. Titus is most prominently associated with the island of Crete, where Paul left him with the task of organizing local Christian communities and appointing elders. His role extended to assisting in the collection for the poor saints in Jerusalem, as mentioned in 2 Corinthians. Throughout the New Testament, Titus emerges as a key figure, bridging the gap between Jewish and Gentile believers and contributing significantly to the growth of early Christianity. Bible Project: Book of Titus Summary: A Complete Animated Overview The Bible Effect - Titus Historical Background, Why was Titus Written? Eyewitness Bible Series: Second Corinthians - from the Perspective of Titus Eyewitness Bible Series: The Book of Titus - From the Perspective of a Cretan Elder Titus 1 Chapter 1 of Titus opens with Paul's introduction and greeting to Titus, his "true child in a common faith." Paul then provides instructions for the organization and leadership of the church on the island of Crete. He emphasizes the importance of sound doctrine, moral conduct, and the appointment of qualified elders. Paul also addresses the issue of false teachers and warns against their disruptive influence. Scripture Major Topics/ Themes ​Summary ​Cross-References, Videos & Resources ​Titus 1 ​ ​ ​INT ​ Verses 1-4 Paul's Introduction and Greeting ​Verses 1-4: Paul identifies himself as a servant of God and an apostle of Jesus Christ. He addresses Titus, his " own son after the common faith," and extends greetings with grace, mercy, and peace. Paul mentions his hope of eternal life, which God, who never lies, promised before the world (ages, eternities) began ( time , ages) seasons ). Paul explains that in separate seasons, God manifests his work through preaching and assigning individuals to aid in this work. Paul explains that this work has been committed to him as well as to Titus according to the commandment of the Savior. ​ ​ Verses 5-9 ​ Instructions for Appointing Elders ​ Verses 5-6: Paul reminds Titus of his mission on the island of Crete , instructing him to set the things that are wanting in order and to appoint and ordain elders in every city . He specifies the qualities and character that elders should possess, including being above reproach, monogamous, and having faithful children. Verses 7-9: Paul provides further qualifications for bishops as the steward of God, emphasizing that they should not be self-pleasing / arrogant, have a temper , struggle with addictions , be abusive , or be greedy . They should be hospitable , lovers of good , self-controlled , just , holy , and temperate . They must also be able to hold fast to their standards and be able to exhort and persuade the gainsayers to sound doctrine . ​ ​ Verses 10-16 ​ Warning Against False Teachers ​ Verses 10-13: Paul addresses the presence of many insubordinate , empty talkers and deceivers on Crete, particularly among the circumcised (specifying some of the Jewish converts/apostates). Paul warns that these individuals are upsetting whole families by subverting the doctrines and teaching for shameful gain things that they ought not teach. He even quotes one of the Cretan false prophets , who said that the Cretans are "always lying , evil beasts with slow bellies (lazy gluttons)." Paul tells Titus that if this is true, Titus should sharply ( quickly ) rebuke them so they might correct their faults and be sound in their faith. Verses 14-16: Paul describes the deceptions of these false teachers and advises against heeding Jewish fables and commandments of men that turn from the truth. Paul asserts that unto the pure , all things are pure, but to those who are defiled and apostate (unbelieving, unfaithful), nothing is pure, not in their mind or their conscience . He also states that these false teachers profess to know God, but they deny Him by their disobedient and abominable works . ​ Titus 2 Paul's letter continues to provide practical instructions for Titus regarding various groups within the Christian community on the island of Crete. Paul emphasizes the importance of sound doctrine, moral conduct, and godly living. He encourages older men, older women, younger women, and young men to live in ways that reflect the teachings of Christ. Paul underscores the transformative power of God's grace, which trains believers to lead upright lives and await the blessed hope of Christ's return. Scripture Major Topics/ Themes ​Summary ​Cross-References, Videos & Resources ​Titus 2 ​ ​ ​ INT ​ Verses 1-10 Instructions for Various Groups Verses 1-6: Paul offers specific instructions for different groups within the church. He addresses older men , older women , younger women , and young men , emphasizing the importance of sound teaching and godly living for each group. He encourages behaviors that reflect reverence, self-control, charity, patience, honesty, optimism , responsibility, integrity, fidelity, service, and purity. Verses 7-10: Paul encourages Titus to serve as a paragon of virtuous conduct and to lead by example for the benefit of the believers. He emphasizes the importance of leaders as model , emphasizing the importance of maintaining integrity and authenticity in their actions and speech, thereby avoiding condemnation, shame, or providing fodder for slander. Similarly, individuals who serve under the authority of a leader, whether in the workplace, church, or community, are urged to be obedient and to show respect to their superiors. This harmonious and respectful behavior contributes to the overall excellence and orderliness of the Christian community. ​ ​ Verses 11-15 ​ The Grace of God and Our Godly Lives Verses 11-14: Paul highlights the power of God's grace, which is available to all people. His teachings train his followers to renounce ungodliness and worldly passions in exchange for self-controlled, upright, and godly lives. Believers are encouraged to look for the blessed hope of Jesus Christ, and the epiphany of His glory. He stresses the importance of the Atonement and God's power to redeem and purify his people from all iniquity, thereby creating a peculiarly zealous force of good. Verse 15: Paul instructs Titus to declare these things, exhorting and rebuking with all authority, in a manner that no man could despise. ​ Titus 3 Chapter 3 of Titus provides further instructions from the apostle Paul regarding the behavior and attitude of believers. Paul reminds the Cretan Christians to be subject to rulers and authorities, to avoid quarreling, and to be gentle and kind to all people. He emphasizes that it is God's mercy and grace, not their own righteousness, that has saved them. Paul also addresses the importance of maintaining good works and avoiding divisive individuals. Scripture Major Topics/ Themes ​Summary ​Cross-References, Videos & Resources ​Titus 3 ​ ​ ​ INT ​ Verses 1-2 Submission to Authorities and Good Conduct Verses 1-2: Paul instructs believers to be subject to rulers and authorities, to be obedient, and to be ready for every good work. He emphasizes the importance of avoiding slander and quarreling. He instructs followers to be gentle and show perfect courtesy to all people. ​ ​ Verses 3-7 ​ Salvation by God's Mercy Verses 3-5: Paul reminds the Saints that we have all been foolish and disobedient at times, and we have all been deceived, and have felt like slaves to various passions and pleasures. However, because of God's kindness and love, we can be regenerated , through his mercy and grace. Through the gifts of the Holy Spirit, we can be renewed . Verses 6-7: Paul emphasizes the rich outpouring of the Holy Spirit the significance of God's justification in our lives, which allows believers to become heirs according to the hope of eternal life. ​ ​ Verses 8-11 ​ Maintaining Good Works and Avoiding Contention ​ Verses 8-11: Paul affirms to Titus the importance of faithful saints maintaining good works, as these works provide excellent opportunities to profit the people. He advises against foolish questions, controversies, and quarrels among the people concerning the law. He states that these arguments are unprofitable and vain . Paul encourages Titus to reject heretics after admonishing them, knowing that such a person has subverted (corrupted, twisted) and condemned themself . ​ ​ Verses 12-15 ​ Final Greetings and Benediction ​ Verses 12-15 : Paul concludes his letter by mentioning his plans to send Artemas or Tychicus to meet Titus and to join Paul in Nicopolis. He instructs Titus to speedily come to him in Nicopolis. He sends greetings and conveys final instructions, ending with a benediction. ​ Philemon The Book of Philemon is a short, personal letter written by the apostle Paul to a fellow Christian named Philemon. The primary focus of this letter is the situation involving a runaway slave named Onesimus, who had become a Christian during his time with Paul. This letter emphasizes themes of reconciliation, brotherhood in Christ, and the transformative power of faith. In the opening verses, Paul greets Philemon and expresses gratitude for Philemon's love and faith, which have brought joy and comfort to fellow believers. The letter then addresses the matter of Onesimus, who was previously unprofitable to Philemon as a slave but has now become useful both to Philemon and to Paul as a brother in the faith. Paul appeals to Philemon to receive Onesimus back, not as a slave, but as a beloved brother in Christ. A reference in Colossians 4:9 adds context to the story of Onesimus. It describes him as a "faithful and beloved brother" and reveals that he was from Colossae, the same city to which the Letter to the Colossians was addressed. This reference emphasizes the transformation that had taken place in Onesimus, who went from being a runaway slave to a follower of Paul and fellow believer in Christ. This letter highlights the power of the Gospel to bridge social divides and promote unity among believers. The Book of Philemon serves as an inspiring example of how Paul addresses a sensitive issue involving slavery through the lens of Christian love and principles of equality in Christ. Bible Project: Philemon Summary: A Complete Animated Overview Eyewitness Bible Series: Philemon - from the perspective of Paul The Bible Effect: Philemon Historical Background - Why was Philemon written? Scripture Major Topics/ Themes ​Summary ​Cross-References, Videos & Resources ​Philemon 1 ​ ​ ​ INT ​ Verses 1-7 Reconciliation and Brotherhood ​ In the opening verses, Paul greets Philemon , Apphia , Archippus , and the church that meets in Philemon's house. He expresses gratitude for Philemon's love and faith, which have brought joy and comfort to fellow believers. ​ ​ Verses 8-16 ​ Onesimus: From Slave to Brother ​ Paul discusses the matter of Onesimus , who was previously unprofitable to Philemon as a slave but has now become useful both to Philemon and to Paul as a brother in the faith. Paul mentions that he is sending Onesimus back to Philemon, appealing for Philemon to receive him no longer as a slave but as a beloved brother. ​ ​ Verses 17-25 ​ Paul's Appeal on Behalf of Onesimus ​ Paul writes that if Onesimus owes anything or has wronged Philemon, Philemon should charge it to Paul's account. He expresses his desire to visit Philemon soon and requests that Philemon prepare lodging for him. In his closing remarks, Paul conveys greetings from fellow workers, concluding the letter. ​ Church Videos & Resources Scripture Central Study Guide Reading Guide 1 and 2 Timothy; Titus; Philemon Lynne Hilton Wilson, " 1 and 2 Timothy; Philemon ,"  Come Follow Me: The New Testament , 2019. Background to the Pauline Epistles: Frank F. Judd Jr., “ The Epistles of the Apostle Paul: An Overview ,” in  New Testament History, Culture, and Society: A Background to the Texts of the New Testament,  ed. Lincoln H. Blumell (Religious Studies Center, Brigham Young University; Salt Lake City: Deseret Book, 2019), 419-445. Nicholas J. Frederick, “ The Life of the Apostle Paul: An Overview ,” in  New Testament History, Culture, and Society: A Background to the Texts of the New Testament,  ed. Lincoln H. Blumell (Religious Studies Center, Brigham Young University; Salt Lake City: Deseret Book, 2019), 393-418. Eric D. Huntsman, “ The Occasional Nature, Composition, and Structure of Paul’s Letters ,” in  How the New Testament Came to Be: The Thirty-fifth Annual Sidney B. Sperry Symposium , ed. Kent P. Jackson and Frank F. Judd Jr. (Provo, UT: Religious Studies Center, Brigham Young University; Salt Lake City: Deseret Book, 2006), 190–207. Brad Farnsworth, John Hilton III, Jaclyn Nielson, Jonathan Ogden ,  “ Prophetic Use of the Pauline Epistles , 1970–2013,”  Religious Educator  16, no.1 (2015): 77–103 Timothy and Titus: “ Timothy ,” Zondervan Pictorial Encyclopedia of the Bible. “ Epistle of Titus ,” Zondervan Pictorial Encyclopedia of the Bible. Organization of Christ’s Church: Grant Underwood, “ The ‘Same’ Organization That Existed in the Primitive Church ,” in  Go Ye into All the World: Messages of the New Testament Apostles , 31st Annual Sidney B. Sperry Symposium (Salt Lake City: Deseret Book, 2002), 167–186. Kent P. Jackson, “ New Testament Prophecies of Apostasy ,” in  Sperry Symposium Classics: The New Testament , ed. Frank F. Judd Jr. and Gaye Strathearn (Provo, UT: Religious Studies Center, Brigham Young University; Salt Lake City: Deseret Book, 2006), 394–406 An Example of the Believers: Val Hawks, “ A Pattern of Integrity: Agency, Order, and Obedience ,” in  Moral Foundations: Standing Firm in a World of Shifting Values , ed. Douglas E. Brinley, Perry W. Carter, and James K. Archibald (Provo, UT: Religious Studies Center, Brigham Young University), 129–42. Russell M. Nelson, “ Be Thou an Example of the Believers ,”  General Conference October 2010. Thomas S. Monson, “ A Light to the World ,”  BYU Speeches November 2011. Ted L. Gibbons, “ Paul as a Witness of the Work of God ,” in  Go Ye into All the World: Messages of the New Testament Apostles , 31st Annual Sidney B. Sperry Symposium (Salt Lake City: Deseret Book, 2002), 27–40. The Spirit of Fear Is not from God: Gordon B. Hinckley, “’ God Hath Not Given Us the Spirit of Fear ’,”  Ensign , October 1984. Derek A. Cuthbert, “ The Futility Fear ,”  BYU Speeches May 1984.  Gordon B. Hinckley, “ We Need Not Fear His Coming ,”  BYU Speeches March 1979. Lloyd D. Newell, “ Fear Not ,”  BYU Speeches December 2014. Esnil Acosta, “’ Well Done, Thou Good and Faithful Servant ,’”  Ensign  March 1988. Living the Gospel Provides Safety: Jeffrey R. Holland, “ Safety for the Soul ,”  General Conference October 2009 . Philemon: Max H. Parkin, “ Who Wrote the Book of Philemon? ”  Ensign , September 1991. Matthew J. Grey, “‘A Slave of Christ Jesus’: Ancient Slavery as a Biblical Metaphor for Salvation,” in  Selections from the Religious Education Student Symposium 2003  (Provo, UT: Religious Studies Center, Brigham Young University, 2003), 81–100. “ Epistle to Philemon ,” Zondervan Pictorial Encyclopedia of the Bible. BYU’s RSC The Life of the Apostle Paul Prophetic Use of the Pauline Epistles, 1970–2013 A Pattern of Integrity Additional Videos & Insights Paul, Apostle of Christ (full movie available for purchase or rental on YouTube) New Testament History, Culture, and Society Early Church History Timeline 0 to 500 AD ( PDF version, download )

CFM: October 23–29 1 and 2 Timothy ; Titus ; Philemon Videos and Podcasts Video/ Podcast ​Lesson Extension ​Additional Materials Scripture Central 1 and 2 Timothy; Titus; Philemon Study Guide Follow Him 1 and 2 Timothy; Titus; Philemon Part 1 , Part 2 Transcripts Line Upon Line 1 and 2 Timothy; Titus; Philemon Teaching with Power 1 and 2 Timothy; Titus; Philemon ​ Don't Miss This 1 and 2 Timothy; Titus; Philemon ​ ​CFM New Testament 1 and 2 Timothy; Titus; Philemon ​Unshaken 1 and 2 Timothy; Titus; Philemon ( Part 1 , Part 2 ) ​ ​The Interpreter Foundation 1 and 2 Timothy; Titus; Philemon ​Study helps by Jonn Claybaugh ​Teaching Helps with John Hilton 1 and 2 Timothy; Titus; Philemon ​ ​Ponderfun 1 and 2 Timothy; Titus; Philemon ( not yet posted ) ​Talking Scripture 1 and 2 Timothy; Titus; Philemon Show Notes ​Hurricane Utah Adult Religion Class , New Testament The Epistles of Paul, 1 and 2 Timothy; Titus; Philemon : Notes , Slides , Handout Resources and Insights about this Week's Lesson Ongoing Debates Regarding Authenticity The authorship of the Pastoral Epistles, including 1 Timothy, 2 Timothy, Titus, and Philemon has been a subject of scholarly debate for centuries. While some scholars believe that the apostle Paul wrote these letters, there is a significant body of academic opinion that questions Pauline authorship. The prevailing theories regarding authorship are as follows: 1. Traditional Pauline Authorship: Many traditional and conservative scholars maintain that Paul wrote 1 Timothy and 2 Timothy. They argue that the language, style, and content of these letters are consistent with Paul's other authentic writings. These scholars often point to the internal claims of authorship within the letters. 2. Pseudonymous Authorship: Some scholars argue that the Pastoral Epistles are pseudonymous, meaning they were written by someone other than Paul but attributed to him. This theory suggests that a later Christian writer, possibly from the Pauline tradition, composed these letters in Paul's name to address issues in the early church. 3. Deutero-Pauline Authorship: Another theory is that these letters were written by a disciple or follower of Paul, sometimes referred to as a "Deutero-Pauline" author. Proponents of this theory believe that these writers were influenced by Paul's teachings and sought to carry on his legacy, writing in his style. The debate over authorship is complex and ongoing, and scholars often consider factors such as linguistic differences from Paul's other letters, the theological developments in these letters, and historical context to argue for or against Pauline authorship. While there is no consensus on the issue, it's essential to note that both conservative and critical scholars continue to engage in scholarly dialogue about the authorship of the Pastoral Epistles, with some scholars being more inclined to accept Pauline authorship while others are more skeptical. The prevailing theories and opinions may vary among scholars and schools of thought. Overview: Due to the amount of material we are covering this week, I've adapted the format of this lesson a bit from previous lessons. For this lesson, some information will be included for each section, prior to the the summarary. This section includes the accounts on 1st & 2nd Timothy, and the next section covers Titus & Philemon. The videos and resources listed below provide excellent overviews of the books and figures we are studying in this lesson. It's important to note that many of these videos are not affiliated with the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints. Still, they do a commendable job of condensing and presenting the information within its historical context in an approachable manner. These videos have been selected because they help to present the bigger picture of Paul's message, and from this broader view, it is easier to dive into the individual parts of Paul's letters, with the appropriate context in mind. While there might be some slight variations in how certain passages and principles are interpreted by our friends outside of the Church, it's crucial to approach these differences with understanding and goodwill. Keep in mind that other faiths lack the additional resources we have, such as the Book of Mormon and modern-day Prophets and Apostles, to clarify some of the more complex issues. Embracing these differences in interpretation can help us better appreciate the unique blessings we have as members of the Church because we have access to continuing modern revelation. Additionally, these insights can help us to better understand and appreciate the commonalities and differences in our perspectives compared to our friends outside of the Church. Hopefully, when we approach these topics in a positive way, it will help us to better develop and foster respectful relationships with those of different faiths. Bible Project: Book of 1 Timothy: A Complete Animated Overview Bible Project: Book of 2 Timothy Summary: A Complete Animated Overview Eyewitness Bible Series: Acts Episode 14 - Introduction to Timothy Eyewitness Bible Series: 1 Timothy - from the perspective of Apollos The Bible Effect: 1 & 2 Timothy Historical Background 1 Timothy the first of several pastoral letters written by the apostle Paul to various leader of the early church. Timothy was a trusted disciple and coworker in Paul's ministry and played a significant role in the early Christian church. Paul first met Timothy during his second missionary journey, which took place in the early 50s AD. Timothy is mentioned in Acts 16:1-3, which describes their initial meeting in the city of Lystra. Timothy was from Lystra , a city in the Phrygian and Galatian region of Lycaonia, which is located in modern-day Turkey ( map ). Significant events and information about Timothy's involvement include: Circumcision of Timothy : Acts 16:3 records that Paul had Timothy circumcised because of his Jewish heritage. This decision was made to facilitate Timothy's acceptance among the Jewish communities they would visit during their missionary journeys. Timothy's Family : Timothy had a Jewish mother named Eunice and a Greek father. His grandmother, Lois, is also mentioned. These family members are noted for their strong faith and influence on Timothy's upbringing. Accompanying Paul : Timothy became a close companion and coworker with Paul in his missionary endeavors. He traveled with Paul on various journeys, supporting him in his ministry. Ephesus : Timothy was closely associated with the city of Ephesus. He is mentioned in the opening of the letter to the Ephesians (Ephesians 1:1) and is known to have been significantly involved in ministry there. Other New Testament passages where Timothy is mentioned include: Acts 17:14-15: Timothy is mentioned as being left behind in Berea while Paul and Silas continued to Athens. Romans 16:21: Paul refers to Timothy as his coworker in the closing of his letter to the Romans. 1 Corinthians 4:17: Paul mentions Timothy as his beloved and faithful son who would remind the Corinthians of his ways in Christ. 2 Corinthians 1:1: Timothy is mentioned in the introduction of Paul's second letter to the Corinthians. Philippians 1:1: Timothy is included in the greeting of the letter to the Philippians. Colossians 1:1: Timothy is mentioned in the introduction of the letter to the Colossians. 1 Thessalonians 3:2: Paul sent Timothy to the Thessalonians to strengthen and encourage them in their faith. Philemon 1:1: Timothy is included in the greeting of the letter to Philemon. Hebrews 13:23: The author of Hebrews (traditionally attributed to Paul) mentions Timothy's release from prison and his future visit. Timothy played a significant role in Paul's ministry and was entrusted with various responsibilities, making him a notable figure in the early Christian church. 1 Timothy 1 The first chapter of 1 Timothy introduces several important themes, including the importance of sound doctrine, the avoidance of false teaching, the transformative power of God's mercy, and the charge to uphold faith with a clear conscience. These themes set the tone for the letter and provide guidance for Timothy in his role as a church overseer. Scripture Major Topics/ Themes ​Summary ​Cross-References, Videos & Resources 1 Timothy 1 ​ ​ ​ INT ​Verses 1-2 ​Greetings and Salutations ​​ Verses 1-2: Paul addresses his epistle to Timothy, whom he regards as a son. ​ ​ Verses 3-4 The Importance of Sound Doctrine Verses 3-4: Paul instructs Timothy to caution against spreading false doctrines or myths , translated as fables in the KJV. He advises them to avoid getting caught up in complex and never-ending genealogies that some were using in an attempt to legitimize their authority and dominance over others (Topics of יָחַשׂ were very significant during the 2nd Temple Period). These contentious topics and pursuits were causing disagreements, diverting attention from the central message of the Gospel, and creating additional confusion instead of contributing to the spiritual growth and understanding of the congregation. ​Early Christian Schisms ( Part 1 ) ​ Verses 5-7 ​ The Goal of Christian Teaching ​ Verses 5-7: Paul explains that charity is the goal of Christian teaching. Charity is love that flows from a pure heart, good conscience , and sincere faith. He mentions that some have swerved from these principles, turning to vain and fruitless arguments . ​ ​Verse 8-11 The law is good when employed righteously, yet it is corruptible ​ Verses 8: The law is a force for good when people use it righteously, yet it can be easily perverted for selfish and nefarious ends . Verses 9-11: In the Greek, Paul explains that God's law fundamentally differs from man's laws. Man's laws are made to rule the lawless, the disobedient, the sinners, the profane, murderers, whoremongerers, rapists, thieves, liars, and those that will not heed sound doctrine. God's Law, on the other hand, is for the righteous. The Gospel is a blessing of his glory and indicates a commitment of trust between God and those who receive it. ​ ​ Verses 12-17 ​ Paul's Personal Transformation ​ Verses 12-17: Paul exclaims his gratitude for receiving these blessings through Christ, who enabled him and counted him as faithful, putting him into the ministry . Paul shares his personal experiences and testimony, emphasizing how he was once a blasphemer and persecutor of the church but received mercy from the Lord. Paul points out that his experience serves as a pattern for all sinners, as it demonstrates God's patience and mercy in addition to the potential for redemption through the transformative power of his Atonement. Paul closes this theme by praising Jesus as the Eternal King , immortal , incorruptible , invisible , and the solo wise God. ​ Verses 18-20 ​ ​ The Charge to Timothy ​ Verses 18-20: Paul charges and commits Timothy to fulfill the prophecies made about him, to engage in the " good warfare , strategy ," and to maintain faith with a good conscience . He mentions that some, like Hymenaeus and Alexander , have shipwrecked their faith and been handed over to Satan. ​ 1 Timothy 2 Chapter 2 of 1 Timothy continues to address essential aspects of Christian living and church conduct. Paul emphasizes the importance of prayer and intercession for all people, including those in authority, with a focus on leading peaceful and quiet lives. He also discusses the role of women in public worship, advocating for modesty and good works. This chapter encourages prayer, tranquility, and orderly worship within the Christian community. Scripture Major Topics/ Themes ​Summary ​Cross-References, Videos & Resources ​1 Timothy 2 ​ ​ ​INT Verses 1-4 Prayers and Intercession for All ​ Verses 1-2: Paul urges that supplications, prayers, intercessions, and thanksgivings be made for all people, including kings and those in positions of authority. The purpose of these prayers is to help us lead with godliness and honesty so that we can all live a peaceful and quiet life. Verses 3-4: Paul states that this is good and acceptable to God, who desires all people to be saved and come to the knowledge of the truth. ​ ​Verses 5-6 ​Jesus Christ the human Mediator between God and Man ​Verse 5-6: Paul explains that Jesus Christ is the human Mediator between God and mankind. He gave himself as a ransom כֹּפֶר for all; this would be testified in due time. ​ ​Verses 7-8 ​Paul explains his role as an ordained Preacher, apostle, and teacher Verses 7-8: Paul explains the importance of maintaining his integrity because his duties as an ordained preacher, apostle, and teacher rely on trust. People need to know that he is faithful and true. Paul prays for strength, for people everywhere to lift up holy hands, apart from wrath and doubt ​The Power of Sustaining Faith ​ Verses 9-15 The Importance of Educating Women as examples of ​Modesty, Honor, Faith, Charity, Peace, and Temperance ​Verses 9-10: Paul uses women as an example , comparing his role as an apostle to the role women play in society. He expresses that women are expected to demonstrate modesty , honor , and sobriety ( self-control, soundness of mind ) in their appearance and behaviors. Women who prioritize good works over elaborate hairstyles or jewelry demonstrate their reverence to God as a testimony of their nature. Verses 11-15: Paul addresses the role of women in learning. This is translated in the KJV as "Let the woman learn in silence with all subjugation." However, there is an alternative translation for this passage from the Greek. In Greek, this could be interpreted as "Let the women learn in peace, with all things in order. But teach a woman; this is not a license for a woman to usurp the authority of a man, but to be at peace." Paul then accounts the story of Adam and Eve, explaining that Eve was deceived . Lucifer intentionally went around Adam to target her. The word for transgression in Greek is parabainō; it means to sidestep or walk around . Paul explains that it is, therefore, necessary for women to be educated in the gospel because women are the ones who bear , rear, and teach their children principles of faith, charity, holiness, and sobriety. ​The Moral Force of Women 1 Timothy 3 Chapter 3 of 1 Timothy focuses on the qualifications and characteristics of overseers (Bishops) and Deacons within the church. Paul provides a detailed list of attributes and expectations for those who hold leadership roles, emphasizing qualities like moral integrity, self-control, and a good reputation. The chapter underscores the importance of leadership within the Christian community and the need for leaders to be examples of faith and godly living. Scripture Major Topics/ Themes ​Summary ​Cross-References, Videos & Resources 1 Timothy 3 ​ ​ ​ INT ​ Verses 1-7 ​ Qualifications for Overseers (Bishops) ​ Verses 1-2: Paul begins by stating that desiring the office of a bishop is a noble task, but this is a tough job. Paul outlines the qualifications for a bishop, which include being above reproach , a vigilant husband to one wife, self-controlled , modest , respectable, hospitable , and able to teach . Verses 3-7: Paul continues the list of qualifications, emphasizing that bishops should abstain from wine . They should not be quick-tempered or greedy . They should be patient , not quarrelsome or materialistic , and they should manage their own households well, having things in order while maintaining appropriate priorities . Paul explains that if a man cannot be trusted to protect and care for his home and family, how is he supposed to preside over the Church? A potential bishop should have experience, explaining that novices frequently have a higher tendency to be lifted up with pride , and that could lead to condemnation . Paul explains that Bishops should also have a good reputation among outsiders . ​ ​ Verses 8-13 Qualifications for Deacons ​ ​ Verses 8-10: Paul lists the qualifications for Deacons (Ministers, Servants). Deacons are servants of The King, and by virtue of their office, they should take it very seriously , and be dignified as his representatives. They should not be double-tongued , they should abstain from wine and greed. They should hold the mystery of the faith (this is frequently a phrase used to describe the sacrament) with a clear conscience . They should be proved first and found blameless . Verses 11-13: Paul mentions that deacon's wives should also be dignified and faithful. They should not be slanderers and should be temperate and faithful in all things. They should preside with their husbands in managing their households. ​ ​ Verses 14-16 ​ The Church as the Household of God ​ Verses 14-16: Paul explains that he is writing these instructions in the hope that Timothy knows how people ought to behave in the household/ family of God, which is the church. The Family is the living pillar and buttress of truth. Without a doubt , this is the great mystery of godliness : which was manifested by God in the flesh, justified by the Spirit , seen by angels , proclaimed among the nations , believed on in the world, and received in glory. ​ 1 Timothy 4 Paul warns of the latter day apostasy. These chapter addresses the importance of sound doctrine, warnings against false teachings and asceticism (religious extremism), and he encourages the saints to be faithful and good ministers of Christ. Paul emphasizes the need to reject deceptive teachings, to nourish oneself with the words of faith, and to train in godliness. He instructs Timothy to set an example for the believers in speech, conduct, love, faith, and purity. Scripture Major Topics/ Themes ​Summary ​Cross-References, Videos & Resources 1 Timothy 4 ​ ​ ​ INT ​ Verses 1-6 ​ The Importance of Sound Doctrine ( ὑγιαίνω ) ​ Verses 1-2 : Paul warns that in later times ( Last Days ), some will depart from the faith, giving heed to seducing (corrupt/misleading) spirits and doctrines of devils . Such teachings are propagated by hypocritical liars (disingenuine actors ) whose consciences are seared with hot irons (branded by sin, propaganda , cauterized, and cut off; kaustēriazō is the root for castrated). Verses 3-5: Paul gives examples of these types of extreme doctrines that were circulating at his time. He denounces those who forbid marriage and those who command others to abstain from certain meats ( foods ceremonial and otherwise). He explains that every creature created by God is good, and nothing should be refused , but it should be received with thanksgiving and used in wisdom. Verse 6: Paul encourages Timothy to be a good minister of Jesus Christ and to encourage the saints to remember these nourishing words of faith and good doctrine. ​ ​ Verses 7-10 ​ Training in Godliness ​ Verses 7-9: Paul counsels the saints to refuse profane (common, worldly, and unsubstantiated) fables and silly / misinformed gossip/hearsay/ myths . He underscores the value of working to train and exercise one's self in godliness ( respect & reverence), emphasizing that this process is profitable and holds promise for the present life and the life to come. He contrasts this with the futility of bodily exercise in comparison to spiritual growth. Verse 10: Paul states that they labor and suffer reproach because they have put their trust in the living God, who is the Savior of all people, especially those who believe. ​ ​ Verses 11-16 ​ Setting an Example in Conduct ​ Verses 11-12: Paul comforts Timothy and instructs him to teach these things to believers through his example in speech , conversations , and conduct, as he demonstrates charity, faith, and purity . Verses 13-16: Paul encourages Timothy not to neglect his studies. He encourages Timothy to practice and immerse himself in his reading , his public speaking skills, and his doctrinal studies. He emphasizes the importance of not neglecting these gifts that he received through prophecy . Paul explains that Timothy's progress will not only be personally beneficial, but it will benefit those he comes in contact with as he serves the elders ( presbytery ) and the people. He is counseled to meditate upon these things and to give heed to them and the doctrine. This will not only save him, but it will save others that hear him. ​ 1 Timothy 5 Chapter 5 provides practical instructions and guidance for the treatment of various groups within the church community, including widows, elders, and younger believers. Paul addresses the importance of showing respect, care, and support to different members of the Christian community. He also emphasizes the principles of fairness, responsibility, and accountability in church matters. Scripture Major Topics/ Themes ​Summary ​Cross-References, Videos & Resources 1 Timothy 5 ​ ​ ​ INT ​​ Verses 1-2 Honoring Community ​ Verses 1-2: Paul counsels Timothy to treat men and women respectfully, to invite them as fathers, brethren, mothers, and sisters. ​ ​ Verses 3-16 ​ Treatment of Widows ​Verses 3-4: Paul introduces the responsibility of the church to support widows who are in need, especially those who are left alone with no family to care for them. If there is family available, the widows should first turn to them and then to the church. Verses 5-8: Paul provides guidelines for identifying widows who should be supported by the church. He mentions that younger widows should try to remarry to maintain their households. Widows should not just take from others and live in luxury , but their families should not be negligent either. Paul states that those who neglect these duties and deny their own are worse than the infidels (apostates). Verses 9-10: Paul lists qualifications for widows who should be enrolled for support; these should include women with reputations for good works. They should be women who raised children, demonstrated hospitality, and helped those in need need and distress. Verses 11-16: Paul advises against enrolling younger widows, counseling that idleness may lead to undesired results and be detrimental to them, their families, and their community. He encourages younger widows to remarry, bear children, and guide their households. Once again, the English translations of these verses are frequently interpreted as demeaning and offensive to women, and they have historically been misused that way. However, these interpretations do not do justice to what Paul actually said. His words in Greek reflect a genuine concern for these women. He does not want them wandering about, from house to house, feeling alone and useless. The word translated as "tattler," φλύαρος , means "vain" or "to occupy oneself with things of lesser value." The term περίεργοι is translated as "busybody," but the Greek word indicates one who neglects the more important matters for things that are superfluous and of lesser value. Paul doesn't want these women to feel cheated, bitter, and resentful. He wants these women to be happy and to find joy, purpose, and fulfillment. ​ ​ Verses 17-25 ​ Treatment of Elders ​ Verses 17-18: Paul discusses the support and honor due to elders who preside and provide well, especially those who labor in preaching and teaching. He cites the saying , " Don't muzzle the ox that treads the corn; the laborer is worthy of his reward ." Verses 19-21: Paul instructs Timothy not to entertain accusations against an elder without evidence from two or three witnesses . He also urges impartiality and fairness in church discipline. Verses 22-25: Paul concludes the chapter with instructions to keep the peace. No elder should be involved in physically laying hands (assaulting or abusing) anyone. Nor should one be set apart who is not worthy. Elders should not become partners/ partakers in such behaviors by taking upon themselves other men's sins. They should keep themselves pure and spotless (James 1:22-27, 3:7). Paul counsels Timothy against being hasty in recognizing someone as an elder. He encourages Timothy to consider the character and works of individuals. Elders should refrain from alcohol, only using it sparingly for medicinal use. They should be honest, open, exercise good judgment, and they should not be easily swayed by others. They should manifest good works and not be covering things up. ​ 1 Timothy 6 Chapter 6 concludes the letter with further instructions for Christian conduct, especially in relation to wealth, contentment, and the pursuit of godliness. Paul highlights the dangers of the love of money, encourages contentment, and charges Timothy to fight the good fight of faith. The chapter underscores the importance of avoiding the snare of materialism and holding fast to the Gospel. Scripture Major Topics/ Themes ​Summary ​Cross-References, Videos & Resources 1 Timothy 6 ​ ​ ​ INT Verses 1-10 ​ Contentment and the Love of Money ​ Verses 1-2 : Paul provides instructions for how servants (voluntary or involuntary workers ) should regard their masters , especially if their masters are believers. He emphasizes that slaves should serve faithfully, knowing that their service benefits believers and is a reflection of God's name. Verses 3-5: Paul warns against those who teach otherwise and have an unhealthy craving for controversy and quarrels. He cautions against the influence of those who think godliness is a means of financial gain . Verses 6-10: Paul emphasizes the value of contentment and how when it is partnered with godliness, it is a great gain/ acquisition . Paul warns against the love of money, which can lead to temptation , traps , lust , hurt , and foolishness , causing people to drown in ruin, destruction , and perdition . The chapter includes the famous verse, "For the love of money is a root of all kinds of evils " (vs. 10), and the principle that "You Can't Take It With You" (vs. 7). ​ ​ Verses 11-16 ​ Fight the Good Fight of Faith ​ Verses 11-12: Paul charges Timothy to pursue righteousness, godliness, faith, love, steadfastness, patience, meekness, and gentleness. He encourages Timothy to " fight the good fight of the faith" and take hold of the eternal life to which he was called . Verses 13-16: Paul solemnly charges Timothy before God and Christ Jesus to keep the commandment and to remain unstained until the appearance of the Lord Jesus Christ. He praises God, the blessed and only Sovereign , for His eternal rule and glory. He says that no man can fully see , understand, perceive, comprehend, and appreciate everything that Christ is and represents. Nor can they fully comprehend the eternal nature of his everlasting dominion. ​ ​ Verses 17-21 ​ Final Exhortations and Warnings ​ Verses 17-19: Paul counsels the wealthy not to be prideful , urging them to place their trust in God rather than in uncertain riches. He advises a spirit of generosity , advocating the building of a financial reserve while simultaneously establishing a firm foundation for eternal life. By clinging to God's promises of everlasting life, one can intentionally collect spiritual treasures along the way. Verses 20-21: Paul's closing message to Timothy is a firm charge to safeguard the precious truths committed to his trust . He emphasizes the importance of avoiding empty and unholy debates propagated by those who promote questionable pseudo- sciences . ​ 2nd Timothy 2 Timothy is traditionally believed to have been composed during Paul's second Roman imprisonment. It is one of the Pastoral Epistles, along with 1 Timothy and Titus. The traditional date for the writing of 2 Timothy is around AD 67-68, shortly before Paul's martyrdom. The context of 2 Timothy is particularly significant because it's the last known letter that Paul wrote before his execution. The letter serves as a personal and heartfelt communication to Timothy, who was a close friend and disciple of Paul. Paul wrote to Timothy from prison, facing imminent death, and he referred to his impending "departure" or "being poured out as a drink offering" (2 Timothy 4:6). In this context, the letter contains both personal words of encouragement and exhortation to Timothy and broader instructions related to the ministry and the Christian faith. Paul urges Timothy to remain faithful, to guard the deposit of the Gospel, and to continue the work of ministry. He also mentions individuals who had abandoned him, such as Phygelus and Hermogenes, and he expresses appreciation for the support and loyalty of Onesiphorus. Overall, 2 Timothy is a poignant and inspirational letter that reflects Paul's unwavering faith and commitment to the Gospel, even in the face of imminent death, and it offers valuable guidance and encouragement to Timothy as he carries on the work of the ministry. 2 Timothy 1 2 Timothy 1 is replete with themes of faith, encouragement, and the passing on of the apostolic ministry. Paul expresses deep gratitude for Timothy's genuine faith and encourages him to fan into flame the gift of God. Despite Paul's imprisonment, he underscores the enduring nature of God's power and love, charging Timothy to hold fast to the sound teaching he received. Scripture Major Topics/ Themes ​Summary ​Cross-References, Videos & Resources ​2 Timothy 1 ​ ​ ​ INT ​ Verses 1-5 ​ Encouragement and Gratitude for Timothy ​ Verses 1-5: The chapter opens with Paul's greeting to Timothy, whom he addresses as his " beloved son ." Paul shares that he has remembered Timothy in his prayers continuously, and he expresses his gratitude for Timothy's genuine faith. Paul recalls Timothy's grandmother, Lois , and his mother Eunice , and he attributes Timothy's unfeigned faith to their influence. Verses 3-5: Paul recalls the sincere faith that dwells in Timothy and encourages him to remember the spiritual gift he received through the laying on of Paul's hands. He commends Timothy's faith and that of his family. ​ ​ Verses 6-7 ​ Fan into Flame the Gift of God ​ Verses 6-7: Paul urges Timothy to remember the spiritual gift he stirred up when he laid his hands upon Paul to give him a blessing. He recalled that this gift was not of fear but of power , love , and a sound mind . Paul encourages Timothy to "fan the flame" and magnify these gifts of God. ​ ​ Verses 8-12 ​ The Power of God's Call ​ Verses 8-9: Paul reminds Timothy not to be ashamed of the testimony of the Lord or of Paul, who was a prisoner for the Gospel, but to be a partaker of the affliction according to the power of God. In other words, Paul is telling Timothy to draw upon the Lord's strength in his times of weakness. Paul emphasizes that God has saved us and called us to a holy calling, not because of our works but because of His purpose and grace . He knows what we need and he understands the eternal plan that was given to us before time , before the world began . Verses 10-12: Paul speaks of the manifestation and appearance of Christ, who abolished death and brought life and immortality to light through the Gospel . Despite his suffering , Paul is not ashamed , as he knows in whom he has believed and is persuaded that God is able to guard what he has entrusted to Him until that day . ​ ​ Verses 13-14 ​ Hold to the Sound Teaching ​Verses 13-14: Paul exhorts Timothy to hold to the sound words he has heard /received with the help of the Holy Spirit . He cautions against swerving from the truth and emphasizes the importance of guarding the good things entrusted to him . ​ ​ Verses 15-18 ​ Examples of Faithfulness Verses 15-18: Paul recounts that some have turned away from him, mentioning two individuals by name, Phygelus and Hermogenes . On the other hand, he commends others who continue to support him, naming the house of Onesiphorus for their frequent and refreshing visits and support during Paul's imprisonment. ​ 2 Timothy 2 Paul continues the letter's exhortations and instructions from the apostle Paul to Timothy. Paul emphasizes the qualities of a faithful minister, encourages perseverance in the face of suffering, and addresses matters related to doctrine and division within the church. He also highlights the need for believers to live in a way that pleases the Lord. Scripture Major Topics/ Themes ​Summary ​Cross-References, Videos & Resources ​2 Timothy 2 ​ ​ ​INT ​ Verses 1-7 Qualities of a Faithful Minister ​ Verses 1-2: Paul encourages Timothy to be strong in the grace of Christ and to teach what he has learned to faithful witnesses who will, in turn, teach others. This reflects the idea of passing on the Christian message through a chain of trustworthy disciples. Verses 3-7: Paul uses the analogies of a soldier at war , an athlete competing for mastery , and a hardworking farmer partaking in his fruits to illustrate the kinds of qualities that a faithful minister should possess: endurance, discipline, hard work, and sacrifice. ​ ​ Verses 8-13 ​ Remember Jesus Christ ​ Verses 8-9 : Paul highlights the pivotal role of Jesus Christ, underscoring His Davidic lineage and triumphant resurrection, which align with the divine plan of the Gospel. Paul expresses his aspiration to emulate Christ, likening his journey as a follower of Christ to that of a soldier, athlete, or farmer who follows a specific path to attain their career goals. In this context, Paul draws a parallel: just as the sinless Christ was willing to suffer for the sins of the world, Paul should be willing to follow the example of his master and suffer too. Paul acknowledges his own past wrongdoings as "an evildoer , " and explains that he deserves to be bound, according to the Law, and he stands prepared to endure any degree of suffering. However, he also points to Christ's promise to save him, emphasizing that Christ, who has satisfied the demands of the law, is no longer bound by it. He purchased it through His Atoning sacrifice, and as the owner, he has the rights and legal authority to modify it: to expand, clarify, and enforce it as he sees fit. He also has the authority to extend mercy or justice to whomever he chooses. Christ has given His word to extend salvation to Paul and to all who will follow Him and abide by the terms and conditions he set, and he is bound to His word (D&C 82:10). Verses 10-13: Paul explains that he endures suffering for the sake of the elect , that they may also obtain salvation and eternal glory through Christ, explaining that if we die with Him , we shall also live with him . If we suffer with him, we shall also reign with him . However, if we deny him , he will also deny us. And if we don't believe in Him, it does not change his reality nor does it change his fidelity to us. He remains ever faithful, even if we do not. Paul counsels Timothy to help us remember these things. ​ ​ Verses 14-26 ​ A Worker Approved by God ​ Verses 14-19: Paul addresses issues related to false teaching and instructs Timothy to charge us to avoid quarreling over word s that lead to subversion (catastrophe) and don't profit the hearers . He encourages diligent study and the accurate handling of the word of truth so that we won't have any need to be ashamed . He explains that profane and vain (empty) babblings cause us to spin in circles , increasing our ungodliness . Verses 20-21: Paul uses the analogy of vessels in a house , suggesting that some are expensive , such as gold and silver. Others are not costly and more utilitarian, made of wood and clay . Some of these items are used for honorable and sacred purposes; others are not. Paul urges believers to purge themselves from what is just stuff , things, and activities of little value, and to prioritize that which means the most, those people, tools, things, and deeds that can be prepared and sanctified for the Master's use and purposes. Verses 22-26: Paul advises Timothy to flee youthful and inferior passions/ lusts / desires and to earnestly engage in and seek righteousness , faith , charity , peace , gentleness, and patience. He also encourages Timothy to seek those who call on the Lord with a pure heart. He counsels Timothy to teach and correct those who oppose the truth with patience and to avoid foolish and ignorant questions that are intentionally asked to stir up contention . He highlights the role of God in granting repentance and the escape from the devil's snare . ​Joy and Spiritual Survival 2 Timothy 3 Chapter 3 contains a sober warning about the challenges and difficulties that Timothy and other believers will face in the last days. Paul emphasizes the importance of adhering to sound doctrine, avoiding false teachers, and continuing in the faith. He highlights the inspiration and usefulness of Scripture for teaching, reproof, correction, and training in righteousness. Scripture Major Topics/ Themes ​Summary ​Cross-References, Videos & Resources ​ 2 Timothy 3 ​ ​ ​INT ​ Verses 1-5 Challenges in the Last Days ​Verses 1-5: Paul begins by describing the characteristics of perilous times in the last days. He describes the nature of the people, that many will be covetous, proud, arrogant, lovers of self (narcissistic), lovers of money , empty pretenders ( boasters ), placing themselves above others ( arrogant ) , disobedient and blasphemers to parents (earthly and heavenly), ungrateful , unholy , abusive (cruel - without natural affection ), trucebreaker , false accusers , without self-control incontinent , fierce , despisers of good , heartless, traitors , heady ( reckless ), highminded , lovers of pleasure more than lovers of God . ​ ​Verses 5-10 ​False Appearances vs. Mental/ Moral Disability, Corruptibility & Addiction ​Paul explains that many will have the appearance of godliness but will deny /reject the power of God and will turn away from Him. He classifies these individuals as the sort of people who frequently look good on the outside but who are corrupt / depraved within. He uses the example of those who will secretly creep into selfish and immoral activities, such as exploiting weaker women through affairs, prostitution, assault, kidnapping , and sex trafficking. Paul describes these morally corrupt individuals as appearing to be intelligent, always learning , but they are never able to land on a knowledge of the truth ; they resist it, corrupt it, and their stubbornness makes them reprobate concerning the faith. These prohibitive mentalities keep them from progressing . Paul uses the example of Jannes and Jambres, the magicians in Exodus 7:11-22 who abused their knowledge and position in Pharaoh's court to mislead and deceive the people. Paul instructs Timothy to use caution with such individuals, telling him that in time , these individuals will be seen by everyone, and their folly (madness, want of understanding, inability to express their mind, judgment, discernment, faculties, etc.) will be manifest , and "made clear." On the surface, one frequently perceives these examples as villains, which, in many cases, they are. However, it is interesting to dive into the Greek words that Paul uses to describe these individuals and situations. At one point, Paul was one of these villains, and the words he used in Greek are a bit different than the English translations. In English, these passages feel rather condemning. However, in Greek, there is a more compassionate undertone and empathy for those who "just don't get it." Paul's word choice indicates that while some intellectually choose evil and continuously sabotage themselves, others don't. Some struggle with involuntary or ignorant disconnects that keep them from being able to learn and move forward (disabilities, addictions, trauma, lack of education, resources, etc.) Paul's words, as they appear in Greek, are more hopeful. Paul says that in time, these people who struggle will be seen, and their deficiencies will be clearly manifest and understood. This does not just mean that they will be publicly exposed and shamed as deviants, as the English translations imply. But there is a softer side to the Greek representation that offers hope for those who struggle, those who are missing pieces, and those who frequently see the world through a cloudy and dark lens. Paul describes a light manifest at the end of the tunnel. Instead of turning away and giving up, those who choose Christ can find power and strength in Him as they adjust their focus, push forward, and acknowledge and embrace his power to guide and heal them, to help them find the way and make them whole. This was a perspective I did not expect to find embedded within these verses, but it is one that should be pointed out because it is powerful. ​ ​ Verses 10-17 ​ Continue in the Faith ​ Verses 10-12: Paul reminds Timothy that he does have a full faculty of knowledge . He has received the doctrine . He knows the manner in which he should live: a life with purpose , faith , patience , charity , and steadfast endurance . Paul encourages Timothy to continue in the faith, explaining that all who desire to live a godly life in Christ Jesus will be persecuted and endure afflictions . After all, how else can one experience and appreciate the power of God's deliverance ? ​ ​Verses 13-17 ​Scripture Power ​ Verses 13-17: Paul underscores the importance of the sacred writings ( Scripture ), which are able to make one wise for salvation through faith in Christ. He highlights the inspiration of Scripture and its profitability for teaching, reproof , correction , and training in righteousness. He emphasizes that through the Scriptures, a person of God may be equipped for every good work . Additionally, they will be able to withstand the deceptions of evil men and seducers who will wax increasingly worse and worse in both deceiving and being deceived. ​ 2 Timothy 4 Chapter 4 marks the conclusion of Paul's final letter to Timothy. Paul solemnly charges Timothy to fulfill his ministry, to preach the word, and to be ready in season and out of season. Paul anticipates his impending death and reflects on his life's work and the faith that has sustained him. He mentions both loyal friends and those who have abandoned him. Scripture Major Topics/ Themes ​Summary ​Cross-References, Videos & Resources ​2 Timothy 4 ​ ​ ​INT ​ Verses 1-5 Preach the Word ​ Verses 1-2: As a witness of Christ, Timothy is charged with the responsibility to fulfill his ministry faithfully. Paul warns Timothy that he will be judged for his service when Christ returns . Paul urges Timothy to preach the word , being ready in an instant , at all times and in all places, to do so, both in season and out of season . (This could be a reference to the various seasonal festival observances; it could also be interpreted as being ready when it is convenient and inconvenient). Paul emphasizes the importance of continuous reproofs , rebukes , and exhortations that should be offered in the spirit of patience and teaching . Verses 3-4: Paul forewarns Timothy that a time will come when people will not endure sound doctrine but will accumulate tantalizing teachers and philosophies that suit their own desires and captivate their curiosity. This will cause many to turn away from the truth and turn towards myths . Verses 5: Paul advises Timothy to be watchful of all things, endure affliction s, do the work of an evangelist ( good messenger/ angel ), and make full proof (the most he can) of his ministry . ​ ​ Verses 6-8 ​ Paul's Departure and Final Testimony ​ Verses 6-7: Paul acknowledges that his time is running out and his departure is at hand . He describes his life as a poured-out offering and a race that has finished its course . Paul declares that he has fought the good fight and kept the faith. He looks forward to the crown of righteousness that the Lord has prepared for him and will award to him on that day. Verse 8: Paul speaks of the righteous judge, the Lord, who will give the crown not only to him but also to all who have loved the Lord's appearing. ​ ​ Verses 9-18 ​ Paul's Friends and Deserters ​ Verses 9-13: Paul requests Timothy to do his best to come to him soon, explaining that Demas has deserted him, loving the present world. Only Luke remains with him. Paul mentions various individuals and communities who have helped him in his ministry. Verses 14-15: Paul charges Timothy to beware of Alexander the coppersmith, who did him great harm. He warns against his opposition to the faith. Verses 16-18: Paul mentions that at his first defense, no one came to stand by him, but the Lord stood by him and strengthened him. He is confident that he has been rescued from the lion's mouth, and he looks forward to the heavenly kingdom. ​ ​ Verses 19-22 ​ Final Greetings and Blessing ​ Verses 19-22: Paul conveys greetings and final instructions to Timothy. He sends greetings to various individuals and prays that the Lord be with Timothy's spirit. He concludes with a benediction and a message of grace to Timothy. ​ Titus & Philemon continued in Part Two of this week's Material. Church Videos & Resources Overcoming Challenges Trial of Adversity This Month in Come Follow Me Scripture Central Study Guide Reading Guide 1 and 2 Timothy; Titus; Philemon Lynne Hilton Wilson, " 1 and 2 Timothy; Philemon ,"  Come Follow Me: The New Testament , 2019. Background to the Pauline Epistles: Frank F. Judd Jr., “ The Epistles of the Apostle Paul: An Overview ,” in  New Testament History, Culture, and Society: A Background to the Texts of the New Testament,  ed. Lincoln H. Blumell (Religious Studies Center, Brigham Young University; Salt Lake City: Deseret Book, 2019), 419-445. Nicholas J. Frederick, “ The Life of the Apostle Paul: An Overview ,” in  New Testament History, Culture, and Society: A Background to the Texts of the New Testament,  ed. Lincoln H. Blumell (Religious Studies Center, Brigham Young University; Salt Lake City: Deseret Book, 2019), 393-418. Eric D. Huntsman, “ The Occasional Nature, Composition, and Structure of Paul’s Letters ,” in  How the New Testament Came to Be: The Thirty-fifth Annual Sidney B. Sperry Symposium , ed. Kent P. Jackson and Frank F. Judd Jr. (Provo, UT: Religious Studies Center, Brigham Young University; Salt Lake City: Deseret Book, 2006), 190–207. Brad Farnsworth, John Hilton III, Jaclyn Nielson, Jonathan Ogden ,  “ Prophetic Use of the Pauline Epistles , 1970–2013,”  Religious Educator  16, no.1 (2015): 77–103 Timothy and Titus: “ Timothy ,” Zondervan Pictorial Encyclopedia of the Bible. “ Epistle of Titus ,” Zondervan Pictorial Encyclopedia of the Bible. Organization of Christ’s Church: Grant Underwood, “ The ‘Same’ Organization That Existed in the Primitive Church ,” in  Go Ye into All the World: Messages of the New Testament Apostles , 31st Annual Sidney B. Sperry Symposium (Salt Lake City: Deseret Book, 2002), 167–186. Kent P. Jackson, “ New Testament Prophecies of Apostasy ,” in  Sperry Symposium Classics: The New Testament , ed. Frank F. Judd Jr. and Gaye Strathearn (Provo, UT: Religious Studies Center, Brigham Young University; Salt Lake City: Deseret Book, 2006), 394–406 An Example of the Believers: Val Hawks, “ A Pattern of Integrity: Agency, Order, and Obedience ,” in  Moral Foundations: Standing Firm in a World of Shifting Values , ed. Douglas E. Brinley, Perry W. Carter, and James K. Archibald (Provo, UT: Religious Studies Center, Brigham Young University), 129–42. Russell M. Nelson, “ Be Thou an Example of the Believers ,”  General Conference October 2010. Thomas S. Monson, “ A Light to the World ,”  BYU Speeches November 2011. Ted L. Gibbons, “ Paul as a Witness of the Work of God ,” in  Go Ye into All the World: Messages of the New Testament Apostles , 31st Annual Sidney B. Sperry Symposium (Salt Lake City: Deseret Book, 2002), 27–40. The Spirit of Fear Is not from God: Gordon B. Hinckley, “’ God Hath Not Given Us the Spirit of Fear ’,”  Ensign , October 1984. Derek A. Cuthbert, “ The Futility Fear ,”  BYU Speeches May 1984.  Gordon B. Hinckley, “ We Need Not Fear His Coming ,”  BYU Speeches March 1979. Lloyd D. Newell, “ Fear Not ,”  BYU Speeches December 2014. Esnil Acosta, “’ Well Done, Thou Good and Faithful Servant ,’”  Ensign  March 1988. Living the Gospel Provides Safety: Jeffrey R. Holland, “ Safety for the Soul ,”  General Conference October 2009 . Philemon: Max H. Parkin, “ Who Wrote the Book of Philemon? ”  Ensign , September 1991. Matthew J. Grey, “‘A Slave of Christ Jesus’: Ancient Slavery as a Biblical Metaphor for Salvation,” in  Selections from the Religious Education Student Symposium 2003  (Provo, UT: Religious Studies Center, Brigham Young University, 2003), 81–100. “ Epistle to Philemon ,” Zondervan Pictorial Encyclopedia of the Bible. BYU’s RSC The Life of the Apostle Paul Prophetic Use of the Pauline Epistles, 1970–2013 A Pattern of Integrity Additional Videos & Insights Paul, Apostle of Christ (full movie available for purchase or rental on YouTube) New Testament History, Culture, and Society Early Church History Timeline 0 to 500 AD ( PDF version, download )

CFM: October 16–22 1 and 2 Thessalonians Videos and Podcasts Video/ Podcast ​Lesson Extension ​Additional Materials Scripture Central 1 & 2 Thessalonians Study Guide Follow Him 1 & 2 Thessalonians Part 1 , Part 2 Transcripts Line Upon Line 1 & 2 Thessalonians ​FHE Lesson Teaching with Power 1 & 2 Thessalonians ​ Don't Miss This 1 & 2 Thessalonians ​ ​CFM New Testament 1 & 2 Thessalonians ​Unshaken 1 & 2 Thessalonians Part 1 , Part 2 ​ ​The Interpreter Foundation 1 & 2 Thessalonians ​Study helps by Jonn Claybaugh ​Teaching Helps with John Hilton 1 & 2 Thessalonians ​ ​Add On Education ​1 & 2 Thessalonians ( not yet posted ) https://www.addoneducation.com/podcasts/ ​Ponderfun 1 & 2 Thessalonians ( not yet posted ) ​Talking Scripture 1 & 2 Thessalonians ( Part 1 , Part 2 ) Show Notes ​Hurricane Utah Adult Religion Class , New Testament 1 & 2 Thessalonians : Notes , Slides , Handout Resources and Insights about this Week's Lesson The document below contains a compilation of several resources that outline the life and ministry of Paul. This is very useful information for trying to figure out the Chronology of the Pauline Epistles and how the various letters and histories fit together. Historical Background Thessalonica Where is Ancient Thessalonica? Thessalonica overview by Drive By History Paul & Silas: The Work in Thessaloniki & Berea Overall Summary of 1 & 2 Thessalonians: 1 & 2 Thessalonians are two of the earliest letters written by the apostle Paul that are included in the New Testament canon (following Galatians). They are addressed to the Christian community in Thessalonica, an ancient city in Macedonia. These letters were likely composed in the early to mid-50s AD. Thessalonians holds a special place in the New Testament because these letters provide valuable insights into the earliest Christian communities, Paul's ministry, and the eschatological expectations of the early Christian saints. Eschatology ( ἔσχατος + λόγος ) literally means "last word," and it pertains to the theological studies that deal with the ultimate destiny of humanity and the Last Days. It focuses on topics such as the Second Coming, the final judgment, the culmination of human history in anticipation of the Millennium, the fate of the soul after death, the existence of heaven / hell , Spirit Prison/Paradise, the Degrees of Glory, and other types of related themes. Eschatology explores the beliefs and teachings about the end times from multiple perspectives, religious traditions, and interpretations. Paul's letters include many foundational principles that multiple religious communities frequently refer to, including ours. As members of the Church, we also have additional information from modern Prophets and additional scripture. Several scholars have compiled information from various sources and written extensively on this topic. Here are a few resources that might be beneficial for those who would like to dive deeper. ( Second Coming of Jesus Christ , Signs , Millenium , Kingdoms of Glory , The Second Coming of the Lord by Gerald Lund, 100 Signs of the Times by David Ridges ) When the letters to the Thessalonians were written, Thessalonica was a vibrant, multicultural city with a diverse population. The cultural and religious diversity in the city created both opportunities and challenges for the Christian community. Thessalonica was part of the Roman Empire, and as the imperial cult was prominent, the Christians' refusal to worship the Roman emperor contributed to several social and political challenges, that included significant persecutions. During this time, Thessalonian Christians were dealing with heavy questions and uncertainties about the deaths of their fellow brethren, and the return of Jesus Christ. Paul wrote 1 Thessalonians to encourage and instruct the Thessalonian believers in their newfound faith. He wanted to strengthen them, address their concerns, especially regarding the fate of their deceased loved ones. He wanted to provide practical guidance about living as a Christian disciple, and what that meant for personal and community relationships. Paul took time to commend the early saints for their faithfulness amidst extreme persecution and urged them to live their lives in a manner that would please God. In 2 Thessalonians, Paul dealt with the Thessalonians' continued questions and concerns regarding Christ's return. He clarified some of the misunderstandings that had arisen and encouraged them to persevere in their faith and not to be misled by false teachings about the end times. Paul also addressed the need for discipline in the church and emphasized the importance of self reliance and continuously working for one's own living. Primary Themes: Faith and Perseverance : Both letters emphasize the importance of faith and perseverance in the face of challenges and uncertainties. Prophecies of a future Apostasy. Eschatology: Paul addresses questions and concerns related to the return of Christ, providing comfort and guidance. Living as a Follower of Jesus Christ: Paul provides practical instructions for Christ like living, including principles of sanctification, such as living consecrated and holy lives, fostering genuine love for ourselves and others, and building enduring family and community relationships. Encouragement: Paul commends the Thessalonians for their faithfulness, offering encouragement and support. Discipline and Self Reliance : 2 Thessalonians discusses the importance of discipline in the church and self reliance, highlighting one's responsibility to work and contributing to their own well-being in addition to others. Overall, 1 & 2 Thessalonians offer a window into the early Christian community's life, challenges, and expectations. They reflect Paul's genuine care and concern for the Thessalonians as he provided valuable teachings on faith, hope, and charity. These letters offer timeless lessons for those who face multiple types of challenges and uncertainties. Overview: 1 Thessalonians 1 is the opening chapter of Paul's letter to the Thessalonians, a Christian community in the bustling city of Thessalonica. In this chapter, Paul introduces several key themes that set the tone for the entire letter. He commends the Thessalonian believers for their exemplary faith, hope, and love in Christ Jesus. He also praises their role as models and witnesses to other believers, highlighting their conversion from idolatry to the worship of the living God and their eager anticipation of Christ's return. Amidst the challenges and cultural diversity of Thessalonica, this chapter serves as a foundation for the letter's encouragement, guidance, and pastoral care that Paul provides to the early Christian community in this vibrant city. Scripture Major Topics/ Themes ​Summary ​Cross-References, Videos & Resources 1 Thessalonians 1 ( INT ) Salutations and Introduction: ​ ​Verse 1: Paul greets The Thessalonians, accompanied by Timothy and Silas ​Acts 15, we are introduced to Silas Acts 16:1 introduced to Timothy , a Jewish convert from Derby ​ Verses 2-3 ​ Faith, Hope, and Love ​ Verses 2-3: Paul commends the Thessalonians for their work of faith , labor of love (charity), and patience ( steadfastness ) of hope in Jesus Christ. These virtues are central to the Christian life. Cultivating Divine Attributes The Infinite Power of Hope Charity ​ Verses 4-10 ​ Imitating Christ and Witnessing Verses 4-5: Paul instructs the Thessalonians to know their election . In receiving the gospel, they received the word and power of Jesus Christ. They received great assurance from the Holy Ghost and became witnesses and followers ( imitators ) of both Paul and the Lord, serving as models (examples) for other believers in the region. Verses 6-8: The Thessalonians became followers , and in spite of much affliction , they received the word with joy and became examples to believers in Macedonia and Achaia . Their faith and witness had a ripple effect. Verses 9-10: The Thessalonians faith and witness had a ripple effect. They turned from idols to serve the living and true God, eagerly awaiting the return of Jesus from heaven. Acts 17:1-10, Paul first visits Thessalonica and begins his ministry. Witness A Witness Never Give Up an Opportunity to Testify of Christ Bearing Witness of Jesus Christ in Word and Actions In 1 Thessalonians 2 , Paul continues to address the Thessalonian believers, recounting his ministry among them and the affection he holds for them. He emphasizes his motives, conduct, and the challenges he faced while sharing the Gospel. This chapter provides insight into the nature of Paul's apostolic ministry and his deep care for the Thessalonian Christian community . Scripture Major Topics/ Themes ​Summary ​Cross-References, Videos & Resources 1 Thessalonians 2 ​ ​ ​ ​ Verses 1-12 Integrity in Ministry Verses 1-2: Paul and his companions emphasize that their ministry in Thessalonica was not in vain and even though they suffered and were shamefully treated they were bold in sharing the Gospel despite the contention . Verses 3-6: Paul stresses the purity, sincerity, and lack of deceit in the Gospel message and states that he and his companions have striven to conduct themselves in a manner pleasing to God, who put his trust in them, and continues to test their hearts . He states that they never used flattering words or attempted to bribe or hide things from them. They never sought for glory , nor did they impose or become burdensome upon the people. Verses 7-9: Paul compares his ministry to that of a nursing mother and a gentle father, emphasizing the love and affection for the children they cherish . Verses 10-12: Paul exhorts the Thessalonians to walk in a manner worthy of God and reminds them that they are witnesses of God and how they behave reflects other people's impression of the Gospel. He exhorts them to follow the just and unblamable examples that Paul and his companions strived to demonstrate and to treat people with the kind of comfort , desire , and experienced witness that a loving father would offer his children. ​ Verses 13-20 Affection for the Thessalonians Verses 13-16: Paul expresses thanksgiving that the Thessalonians received the Word of God as the Word of God, not merely human words, and they were actively and effectively working to live it. He mentions the suffering and persecution they experienced for living true to their faith. He compared the persecution they endured as similar to the persecution Jesus, his prophets, and his disciples endured in Jerusalem. He describes examples of hypocrisy and people's efforts to cover up their sins by silencing those who lacked the power and authority to stand against them. He explains that, eventually, these crimes will be known and they will incur the uttermost wrath of God. Verses 17-20: Paul conveys his longing to see the Thessalonians again, highlighting their importance to him. ​ Paul expresses his deep concern for the Thessalonian believers and the desire to know about their faith and endurance amidst trials. Timothy's visit to Thessalonica and his report about the faith of the Thessalonians bring relief and joy to Paul. This chapter underscores the importance of strong faith and the role of fellow believers in encouraging one another in the midst of challenges. Scripture Major Topics/ Themes ​Summary ​Cross-References, Videos & Resources 1 Thessalonians 3 ​ ​ ​ INT ​ Verses 1-5 ​ Concern for the Thessalonians ​ Verses 1-2: While in Athens, Paul explains that he sent Timothy to strengthen and encourage the Thessalonian believers in their faith. Verses 3-5: Paul expresses his concern about the Thessalonians, recognizing the potential impact of the afflictions and tribulations they were dealing with. ​ ​ Verses 6-10 ​ Timothy's Report and Paul's Joy ​ Verses 6-7: Timothy's return and his positive report about the faith and charity the Thessalonians demonstrate, which bring great comfort and joy to Paul. Verses 8-10: Paul expresses his gratitude to God for the good news of the Thessalonians' faith, and he longs to see them again to strengthen their faith further, to perfect ( restore / mend, complete , establish ) that which is lacking in their faith. ​ ​ Verses 11-13 ​ Prayer for Reunion Verses 11-13: Paul prays for an opportunity to visit the Thessalonians and prays that their love may continue to increase and abound. He prays that their hearts be established in holiness as they await the coming of Jesus. ​ ​In Thessalonians 4, Paul addresses various aspects of Christian living and conduct, emphasizing the importance of holiness, brotherly love, and a life that pleases God. He also provides insights into the Christian hope of the resurrection and the return of Jesus Christ. This chapter offers practical guidance for believers in living out their faith and anticipating the ultimate fulfillment of God's promises. Scripture Major Topics/ Themes ​Summary ​Cross-References, Videos & Resources ​ 1 Thessalonians 4 ​ ​ ​ INT Verses 1-12 ​ Pursuit of Holiness and Love ​ Verses 1-8: Paul exhorts the Thessalonians to live in a way that pleases God. He explains it is God's will for sanctified individuals to avoid sexual immorality . They should demonstrate honor , and abstain from lust and forbidden desires. They should be honest and not defraud one another. Paul describes God as an avenger who has forewarned us regarding such behaviors. God despises these types of unclean practices and has called us to holiness . Verses 9-12: Paul encourages them to continue in brotherly love . He encourages them to find honor in and be ambitious in their studies , to lead a peaceful and quiet life, and to work hard in their businesses , as they labor with their own hands , setting an example for others. ​ ​ Verses 13-18 ​ The Hope of the Resurrection ​ Verses 13-14: Paul addresses the Thessalonians' concerns about those who have died as believers. He comforts them in their sorrow by explaining that those who have died in Christ will be raised when Jesus returns. Verses 15-17: Paul describes the events surrounding Christ's second coming , including the shout of the Lord, the voice of the archangel , the trump of God, Jesus descending from the heavens , the resurrection of the firstfruits of the dead , and the transformation of the remaining , living believers as they are caught up into the clouds to meet the Lord. Verse 18: Paul encourages the Thessalonians with the hope of being reunited with their loved ones in the presence of the Lord. ​ 1 Thessalonians 5 serves as the conclusion to Paul's letter to the Thessalonians. In this chapter, Paul addresses various aspects of Christian living, including the anticipation of Christ's return, the importance of watchfulness and sobriety, and practical instructions for life within the Christian community. He emphasizes the need for vigilance, prayer, and thanksgiving, as well as the importance of living in harmony with one another. Scripture Major Topics/ Themes ​Summary ​Cross-References, Videos & Resources 1 Thessalonians 5 ​ ​ ​ INT ​ Verses 1-11 ​ Anticipation of Christ's Return ​ Verses 1-3: Paul describes the unexpected nature of Christ's coming , referring to it as a thief in the night . He discusses the times and seasons to look for, as he prepares the faithful to be spiritually awake and alert. He prepares them for peace, safety , and escape for when the time of sudden destruction comes and travails upon the world. Verses 4-8 : Paul contrasts the children of light with the sons of darkness , exhorting believers not to be slothful , to live as people of the day who are sober and alert , who put on the armor of God, the breastplate of faith and love, and the helmet of hope and salvation . Verses 9-11: Paul highlights the importance of obtaining the hope of salvation through Jesus Christ and encourages believers to encourage and build one another up. ​ ​ Verses 12-28 ​ Practical Instructions for Christian Living ​Verses 12-15: Paul offers practical guidance for living within the Christian community, including respecting and honoring leaders, living in peace with one another, warning the unruly , encouraging the fainthearted , supporting the weak , and showing patience and kindness towards everyone. He advises us against showing evil for evil and expects us to render goodness . Verses 16-18: Paul emphasizes the importance of praying unceasingly , always rejoicing , and having thanksgiving in everything. This is the will of God - for us to all have joy in Christ. Verses 19-22: Paul encourages believers not to quench ( extinguish , suppress, get in the way of) the Spirit, and to not despise ( ignore ) the prophecies , but to test and prove everything. We should hold fast to what is good , and abstain from all manners of evil . Verses 23-24: Paul offers a prayer for sanctification for the spirit , mind , and bodies of the saints in preparation for the coming of the Lord, and provides assurance of God's faithfulness. Verses 25-28: Paul concludes with closing salutations and blessings, urging the Thessalonians to read the letter to the entire church. ​ 2 Thessalonians 1 is the opening chapter of Paul's second letter to the Thessalonians. In this chapter, Paul begins by offering thanksgiving for the faith and perseverance of the Thessalonian believers in the face of persecution and affliction. He also discusses God's righteous judgment, the future punishment of the wicked, and the glorification of believers at the return of Christ. The chapter serves as an encouragement to the Thessalonians, emphasizing the justice and reward that God will bring at the end of times. Scripture Major Topics/ Themes ​Summary ​Cross-References, Videos & Resources 2 Thessalonians 1 ​ ​ ​INT ​ Verses 1-4 ​Greetings & Thanksgiving for Perseverance ​ Verses 1-2: Salutations & Greetings from Paul, Silas, and Timothy. Verses 3-4: Paul expresses thanksgiving to God for the Thessalonians' growing faith, demonstrations of charity, and their enduring patience amidst persecution and affliction . ​ ​ Verses 5-10 ​ God's Righteous Judgment ​ Verses 5-7: Paul declares that the righteous behavior of the saints in their suffering stands as a token of their worthiness before God. Paul expresses that just recompense will await those who trouble the Thessalonians when Jesus and his angels are revealed. Verses 8-10: Paul emphasizes the future vengeance , punishment (justice, judgment), and everlasting destruction that awaits the wicked, those who refuse to know God and do not hearken and obey the good news of His Gospel because they separate themselves from his glory (intelligence, judgment , honor) and power (protection, strength , abity). Paul contrasts this with the glorification of believers when Christ returns. ​ ​ Verses 11-12 ​ Prayer for the Thessalonians Verses 11-12: Paul prays that God will count the Thessalonians worthy of their calling and fulfill their desire for goodness , all to the glory of Christ. ​ In this chapter, Paul addresses the Thessalonian believers' concerns about the coming of the day of the Lord. He explains that certain events must occur before Christ's return, including the revelation of the "man of lawlessness." This is a reference to the Great Apostasy. Paul encourages the Thessalonians to stand firm in their faith, reminding them of the truth and the grace of the Gospel. Scripture Major Topics/ Themes ​Summary ​Cross-References, Videos & Resources ​2 Thessalonians 2 ​ ​ ​INT ​ Verses 1-12 ​ The Restraining Force and the Man of Lawlessness ​ Verses 1-4: Paul addresses the Thessalonians' concerns about the day of the Lord. He explains that certain events must happen first, prior to Christ's return. This includes a gathering of believers, believers who are not shaken in mind or troubled in spirit , a sin-resistant generation, like unto the apostles, who are not deceived by any means, by word or letter . This is a generation who intimately knows and understands the doctrine of Jesus Christ. But before that can happen, Paul describes revelation regarding a falling away , a great "apostasy." He describes a " man of sin (error, mistake, lawlessness, one or who misses the mark , wanders from the path)," a "son of perdition " who opposes God in his efforts to exalt himself. Many scholars believe Paul referred to Nero , but many Anti-Christs throughout history easily fit this description. They follow the example of Lucifer himself. Sadly, some have exhibited these qualities in modern times, and more will inevitably follow until the day Christ returns. Verses 5-7: Paul discusses the restraining force that holds back the revelation of the lawless one, emphasizing that the mystery of iniquity will be removed at the appointed time . Verses 8-12: Paul provides insight into the actions and deception of the lawless one(s) who align themselves with Satan and the forces of darkness, those that manifest false and counterfeit displays of power , signs , and wonders . He warns those who fall prey to this deception , those who choose the path of wickedness ( animosity , violent agitation , without law ) and unrighteousness , they will ultimately face defeat and perish when the Lord returns and the epiphany (brightness) of the genuine truth of the Gospel is unveiled and embraced at his coming . Paul underscores the tragic consequence of the wicked's refusal to receive the truth in love , emphasizing that, had they been willing to do so, they could have found salvation . However, God, in His respect for human agency, permits the existence of strong delusions and falsehoods to exist and serve as a testing ground. He has also granted and sent the gift of the Holy Spirit, empowering individuals to discern between truth and error, and in this choice, their eternal destiny lies. Those who continue to deny truth, and find pleasure in unrighteousness will be judged and damned , stopped in their progression, and restrained from being able to continue to cause continual strife , hurt, and deceptions to others. ​ A Plea to My Sisters A Sin-Resistant Generation Was Nero the AntiChrist? with Morgan Freeman and National Geographics episode " Apocalypse " ​ Verses 13-17 ​ Stand Firm in the Faith ​ Verses 13-17: Paul commends the Thessalonians for being bound to and honoring their covenants in gratitude . These are they who choose God, these are they who were called and chosen from the beginning for salvation and sanctification because they stand firm in their faith, holding to the traditions they were taught through the word of the Gospel as it was given through the writings of the prophets and apostles. Paul prays for their saint's everlasting consolation , comfort , and strength of heart to continue in their faith, good works, and hope of God's grace . ​ 2 Thessalonians 3 is the final chapter of Paul's second letter to the Thessalonians. In this chapter, Paul addresses practical matters within the Thessalonian church, including the need for prayer and support, exhortations regarding idleness and disorderly conduct, and the importance of working for a living. Paul also conveys his closing blessings and encourages the Thessalonians to remain faithful to the Lord. Scripture Major Topics/ Themes ​Summary ​Cross-References, Videos & Resources ​2 Thessalonians 3 ​ ​ ​INT ​ Verses 1-5 ​ Prayer for Deliverance and Propagation of the Gospel ​ Verses 1-2: Paul asks the people to pray that they will be able to maintain their religious liberties, continuing his analogy of one running a race, so that the gospel might be propagated effectively. He asks them to request deliverance from wicked and unreasonable people Verses 3-5: Paul expresses confidence in the Lord's faithfulness and protection. He reminds the saints to follow the Lord's way, to follow the directions he gives their hearts, as they patiently remain steadfast while awaiting the coming of the Savior. ​ ​ Verses 6-15 ​ Exhortation Regarding Idleness ​ Verses 6-9: Paul addresses the importance of self-reliance and issues with idleness and disorderly conduct, particularly regarding those who were not working for a living and were taking advantage of others. Paul explains that he and his companions intentionally set an example by working for their own bread and support, and he emphasizes the importance of personal responsibility and avoidance of debt . Verses 10-12: Paul reiterates the principle that those who don't want to work shouldn't eat , encouraging the idle to work and lead a quiet life, refraining from both disorderly conduct (laziness) and being busybodies . Verses 13-15: Paul exhorts the Thessalonians to do good and to not grow weary in well-doing , especially towards one another. He councils them to encourage one another and not allow these types of social disputes to lead to division and discord. ​ ​ Verses 16-18 ​ Closing Blessings and Exhortation ​ Verses 16-18: Paul offers closing blessings, encouragement to greet one another with a holy kiss, and his reminder that his own signature authenticates the letter. ​ Church Videos & Resources Scripture Central Study Guide Reading Guide 1 and 2 Thessalonians Lynne Hilton Wilson, " 1 and 2 Thessalonians ,"  Come Follow Me: The New Testament , 2019. Background to the Pauline Epistles: Frank F. Judd Jr., “ The Epistles of the Apostle Paul: An Overview ,” in  New Testament History, Culture, and Society: A Background to the Texts of the New Testament,  ed. Lincoln H. Blumell (Religious Studies Center, Brigham Young University; Salt Lake City: Deseret Book, 2019), 419-445. Eric D. Huntsman, “ The Occasional Nature, Composition, and Structure of Paul’s Letters ,” in  How the New Testament Came to Be: The Thirty-fifth Annual Sidney B. Sperry Symposium , ed. Kent P. Jackson and Frank F. Judd Jr. (Provo, UT: Religious Studies Center, Brigham Young University; Salt Lake City: Deseret Book, 2006), 190–207. Lincoln H. Blumell, “ Scribes and Ancient Letters: Implications for the Pauline Epistles ,” in  How the New Testament Came to Be: The Thirty-fifth Annual Sidney B. Sperry Symposium , ed. Kent P. Jackson and Frank F. Judd Jr. (Provo, UT: Religious Studies Center, Brigham Young University; Salt Lake City: Deseret Book, 2006), 208–226. Ministers of the Gospel Eric B. Murdock, “ Ministering as the Savior Did ,”  Ensign , December 2018. F. Enzio Busche, “ Christianity and the Hope of the Future ,”  BYU Speeches May 1983. David L. Beck, “ Your Sacred Duty to Minister ,”  General Conference April 2014. Becoming Holy Kerry M. Muhlestein, “ Why We Must Be Wholeheartedly Holy ,” BYU Devotional May 2015. Preparing for the Second Coming Richard Neitzel Holzapfel, “ The Glass Is Half Full: The Second Coming of the Lord Jesus Christ ,” BYU Devotional July 2001. Robert L. Millet, “ The Second Coming of Christ: Questions and Answers ,” in  Sperry Symposium Classics: The Doctrine and Covenants , ed. Craig K. Manscill (Provo, UT: Religious Studies Center, Brigham Young University, 2004), 202–220. Dallin H. Oaks, “ Preparation for the Second Coming ,”  General Conference April 2004. The Great Apostasy Kent P. Jackson, “ New Testament Prophecies of Apostasy ,” in  Sperry Symposium Classics: The New Testament , ed. Frank F. Judd Jr. and Gaye Strathearn (Provo, UT: Religious Studies Center, Brigham Young University; Salt Lake City: Deseret Book, 2006), 394–406. Daniel Belnap, “ The Process of Apostasy in the New Testament and the Book of Mormon ,” Shedding Light on the New Testament: Acts–Revelation , ed. Ray L. Huntington, Frank F. Judd Jr., and David M. Whitchurch (Provo, UT: Religious Studies Center, Brigham Young University, 2009), 247–70. Kent P. Jackson, “ Early Signs of the Apostasy ,”  Ensign,  December 1984. The Bible Project & Bible Effect Book of 1 Thessalonians Summary: A Complete Animated Overview Book of 2 Thessalonians Summary: A Complete Animated Overview 1 Thessalonians & 2 Thessalonians Historical Background BYU’s RSC The Occasional Nature, Composition, and Structure of Paul’s Letters New Testament Prophecies of Apostasy Scribes and Ancient Letters: Implications for the Pauline Epistles Additional Videos & Insights Where is Ancient Thessalonica? Thessalonica overview by Drive By History Acts Episode 14 Timothy - Eyewitness Bible Series Paul's Letters 04 First Thessalonians: Silas Paul's Letters 05 Second Thessalonians: Jason Paul, Apostle of Christ (full movie available for purchase or rental on YouTube) New Testament History, Culture, and Society Early Church History Timeline 0 to 500 AD ( PDF version, download )

CFM: October 9–15 Philippians ; Colossians Videos and Podcasts Video/ Podcast ​Lesson Extension ​Additional Materials Scripture Central Philippians; Colossians Study Guide Follow Him Philippians; Colossians Part 1 , Part 2 Transcripts Line Upon Line Philippians; Colossians ​FHE Lesson Teaching with Power Philippians; Colossians ​ Don't Miss This Philippians; Colossians ​ ​CFM New Testament Philippians; Colossians ​Unshaken Philippians; Colossians ( Part 1 , Part 2 ) ​ ​The Interpreter Foundation Philippians; Colossians ​Study helps by Jonn Claybaugh ​Teaching Helps with John Hilton Philippians; Colossians ​ ​Add On Education ​Philippians; Colossians ​ ​Ponderfun Philippians; Colossians ​Talking Scripture Philippians; Colossians Show Notes ​Hurricane Utah Adult Religion Class , New Testament The Epistles of Paul, Colossians & Ephesians: Notes , Slides , Handout Galatians, Philippians & Philemon Notes , Slides , Handout Resources and Insights about this Week's Lesson This week, Lori Denning knocked it out of the park with Hank and John on their Follow Him Podcast. I would highly suggest this week's episode! Among the highlights of this podcast, Lori goes into an excellent discussion pertaining to the Hymns that are included in both Philippians 2:5-11 and Colossians 1:15-20. In some of our earlier lessons, we discussed some of the poetic structures used in the Biblical texts, and Lori describes some of theses elements, including Chiasmus and parallelism, poetic forms that we have previously encountered and explored. For those who are interested and want to dig deeper, here is an excerpt from some personal notes that I took last year relating to the Poetic structure of the Ketuvim (the Poetic Writings of the Old Testament), these go into more detail about about some of the different literary devices that were commonly used Hebraic music and literature and might be interesting to those who would like to learn more. I especially loved that Lori points out that almost every time we see examples of the Lord speaking to his people, it is written in a poetic, musical form. This is powerful, and it highlights the profound and divine nature of music. Several months ago, I came across a Jewish parable, and it seems very appropriate for this lesson and this topic. The Soul of Song By Simon Jacobson The only way a soul can move about is through a song. Without song the soul remains stuck in one place. In the Holy Temple in Jerusalem there were fifteen steps corresponding to the fifteen Shir HaMaalos ("songs of ascents") in the book of Psalms (120-134), which the Levites would sing as they stood on the 15 steps between the Women’s and the Men’s "courtyards." In order to climb from one step to the next a song had to be sung. In our material world we can convince ourselves that we are mobile – movers and shakers – even if our souls never budge an inch. There are people who chalk up millions of frequent flyer miles, others who move around in all the high circles, and yet others who are climbing the corporate ladder. But are they truly moving? Their bodies may be traveling places, but are their souls in flight? Then there are people who perhaps sit in the same place, praying or meditating, but spiritually they are moving millions of miles. But in the spiritually intact Holy Temple, where spirit met matter and the physical was seamlessly aligned with its inner purpose, you simply could not move from one step to the next unless your soul was lifted through song. ...melody is the language of the Divine. Why do songs have this power? Because melody is the language of the Divine. A parable: When God created the universe, He consulted the angels: "Should I bestow upon the human race the gift of music?" The elitist angels unanimously replied with a resounding "no." "The human race will not appreciate the sublime power of melody. They will abuse and commercialize it. They won’t know how to appreciate the angelic, divine nature of song. "Give us your gift of music," the angels said, "and we will sing Your praises, we will sing Your songs. We will know how to use the power of melody to reach great spiritual heights." God considered their opinion, but then overruled them. "No. I will give the gift of music to humans. Because I want them to have something to remember Me with. "Sometimes life will be difficult. In such times the pressures can be overbearing. Man can feel depressed and hopeless. I therefore want them to have song to remind them, that even when you’re stuck in the dire straits of material existence, even when you are experiencing existential loneliness and "quiet desperation," you can break out in song, which will lift your spirits. "Sometimes life will be comfortable, too comfortable. Let man then sing to remember that there is more to life than instant gratification. "Yes indeed," the Lord concluded, "I will give the human being My unique tongue – the language of music and song, so that he can use it to discover transcendence." The reason song has the ability to transport the soul is because its true nature and the source of its power is its Divine language: Song is a dialect from another plane. If the conventional word is the language of man, music is the language of the Divine. Songs, therefore, are the wings of the soul. They have the ability to lift our spirits to unprecedented heights. They allow us to fly; to soar away to far-away places – places that are beyond pedestrian life and mundane monotony. Song is spiritual transportation. As one Rebbe put it: The spoken and written word is the "quill of the mind;" Music is the "quill of the heart." If a soul looks like a flame, it sounds like a song. Ah, who hasn’t been drawn by the wish to just go out and sing, unrestrained, to the open heavens. To get away from it all and sing away, with your hands waving free, like there is no tomorrow. To close your eyes, and allow the music to take you to unknown places beyond the anguish and pain of life’s tribulations? ...music has become the "hymns" of today’s souls... This may explain the compelling power of music... Being a language of the soul, music fills the deep spiritual void.... For good or for bad, music has become the "hymns" of today’s souls." The soul finds its expression in song – to free itself from the materialistic bondage of the body; a way for us to dialogue with God (whether we know it or not). Unfortunately, like any powerful force, music too, untamed and unfocused, can be hijacked and turned into another hedonistic vehicle of indulgence rather than transcendence, narcissism rather than selflessness, and entertainment instead of inspiration. Nevertheless, at its heart, song has a hold on our souls because it is ultimately Divine language – the natural language of the soul. Our challenge is to recognize the true nature of song’s power and the reason this gift was given to us: To allow us to touch the Divine and integrate it into our lives. Now just to listen to the pleasant harmonies and dance to its beat, but to allow the soulful language of music to refine our personalities, strengthen our commitments, connect with our higher calling, help us build healthy homes and families, and illuminate each of our respective corners of the world with our unique light. We live in a dichotomous, fragmented world. Matter and spirit compartmentalized make it terribly difficult to hear the music of our souls. Instead, we fabricate a superficial language to maneuver in our mundane lives. Music then becomes an exotic escape to an island. In search of some relief from the quotidian, you plug in your headphones, and block out the world around you – and you soar on music’s wings. But then you have to return, and then the music dies…. In truth, however, an inner hum fills all of existence. Every creature, every molecule, every atom emits its own unique sound. Every soul pulsates and purrs. Even when the "rush hour" of our lives with all its extraneous noise drowns out the "gentle, subtle voice" within, the music continues to play (even if you’re not plugged in). In a seamless world all our experiences would sound like a song, all our movements would look like a dance. If our insides and outsides would be aligned, we would be singing all the time, and we wouldn’t be able to move unless we had a song to sing us along (as it was in the Temple). Imagine: What would it be like to hear the music of the cosmos? How would it feel, the song of your soul? Of other souls? How would life be different if you could generate a song at will? Every time we experience a moment of truth – an experience that resonates – we are hearing the inner music of existence. How do we access the music within at all times? By getting in touch with your life’s purpose, and recognizing that every moment of your day, every activity, every interaction is a spiritual opportunity. You are charged with the mission to realize each of these opportunities by ensuring that all the material gain is simply a means to express higher spiritual truths and bring more virtue into this world. This attitude taps into the very fabric of the harmonic chords of existence, which allow us to hear the music within. In every life experience you have two options to choose from: To serve your own needs, or to serve a higher cause. When you touch the surface of the experience it usually will result in narcissistic results. But when you tap into the inner meaning of the experience, its music will play. In every experience we can either just ride through the experience, or we can learn to play the inner chords that release a song. There are people in this world that turn everything they touch into music, everything they come into contact with into a dance. They are alive, brimming with energy. They are electric, and everything that they touch becomes electrified. Imagine a world in which music is playing all the time. Imagine hearing a song in every breath you take, in every step you make. Imagine a life in which every move you feel the inner rhythm. High time to start singing. Philippians: The Epistle of Philippians was written by the Apostle Paul while he was in prison. The exact location and time of its writing can be somewhat challenging to pinpoint with absolute certainty, as Paul was imprisoned multiple times during his ministry. However, the traditional belief, accepted by many scholars, is that Philippians was likely written during one of Paul's imprisonments in Rome. However, there are many good arguments for other potential locations. The Roman imprisonment most commonly associated with the writing of Philippians is his first Roman imprisonment, which is traditionally dated to around AD 60-62. During this period, Paul was under house arrest in Rome, awaiting trial before the Roman authorities. It's during this time of confinement that he wrote several of his Epistles, including Philippians, Colossians, Philemon, and Ephesians. The letter to the Philippians is notable for its themes of joy and thanksgiving, despite Paul's unfortunate circumstances, and its warm and affectionate tone toward the Philippians, who had been tremendously supportive of Paul throughout his ministry. Philippi was a prominent Roman colony in Macedonia, with a diverse population and cultural influences. The following videos provide some helpful context regarding the histories and culture in relation to Paul's ministry: Philippians Historical Background | Why was Philippians written? , Where is Ancient Philippi? The Philippians had a close relationship with Paul, as the Church in Philippi was one of his earliest established Christian communities, and the first established Christian community in Europe. Paul refers to the Philippians several times throughout several of his letters. In previous lessons, we have discussed the visionary events that led to Paul's voyage to Phillipi and notable individuals from the community: Lydia, the Seller of Purple and a foundational member of the European ministry, The Pythian Priestess whom Paul rescued from human traffickers, and the prison guard that converted to Christianity after the walls of the prisons fell and Paul convinced him to not kill himself (Acts 16:11-34, 1 Corinthians 16:1-4, 2 Corinthians 8:1-5; 9:2). This context helps to provide the framework for the affectionate nature of Paul's letter to this community of saints. The Philippian community was filled with some of Paul's closest friends. Some have even suggested that Paul may have referred to his wife in Philippians 4:3 INT, who was living in Philippi at the time Paul wrote his letter. This is an interesting topic and debate that has puzzled scholars for almost two millennia, but regardless of the outcome, the nature of this phrase demonstrates the intimate affection that Paul felt for this community. Did Paul Address His Wife in Philippi? Colossians The unexcavated ancient site of Colossae lies in close proximity to the modern city of Honaz, located in Turkey, situated in the southwestern part of Asia Minor, not far from the Lycus River . At the time of Paul, this city was in the province of Phrygia,about 125 miles east of Ephesus. Colossae is a city briefly mentioned in the Bible, specifically in Colossians 1:2, as the destination of a letter traditionally attributed to the Apostle Paul. However, it is worth noting that scholarly discussions have arisen regarding the authorship of this letter, with some suggesting that it was likely compiled and recorded on Paul's behalf by someone else, as is the case with several other letters in the Pauline corpus. The records indicate that Paul never visited Colossae, as he mentions in Colossians 2:1, saying that he had not been seen "face to face" by the Colossians. However he had deep concern for their faith and well-being. Epaphras, a fellow believer and possibly a convert of Paul, played a significant role in bringing the Gospel to Colossae. In Colossians 1:7, Paul refers to Epaphras as "our dear fellow servant" and mentions that Epaphras had informed him about the faith and love of the Colossian believers. As such, Paul felt compelled to address the new community of saints, to teach them about many of the primary principles and themes of the Gospel, in addition to providing them with some practical applications pertaining to how to apply these principles to their lives. Overview: Phillipians: In Philippians 1, Paul sets a tone of joy, thanksgiving, and a commitment to the advancement of the Gospel. His prayers for the Philippians, his endurance in imprisonment, and his exhortations to live worthy of the Gospel serve as timeless lessons for believers facing challenges in their faith journey. Scripture Major Topics/ Themes ​Summary ​Cross-References, Videos & Resources ​Philippians 1 ​ ​ ​INT ​ Verses 1-11 ​ Thanksgiving and Prayer ​ Verses 1-2: Paul opens with greetings and addresses the letter to the saints in Philippi, expressing his thankfulness for their partnership in the Gospel. Verses 3-8: Paul affectionately expresses his joy and gratitude for the fellowship of the Philippians, mentioning that he continues to remember them in his prayers. He expresses his confidence in their faith and the good works they have begun and continue to perform in anticipation of the day of Jesus Christ. Verses 9-11: Paul prays that their love may abound more and more in knowledge and discernment , enabling them to approve what is excellent in sincerity and without offense until the day of Christ, being filled with the fruit of righteousness through Jesus Christ to God's glory and praise . ​ ​ Verses 12-26 ​ Advancement of the Gospel ​ Verses 12-14: Paul wants the Philippians to understand that his imprisonment has actually served to advance the Gospel, as his bonds /chains have become manifest to the whole palace and others, leading to increased confidence in sharing the message in boldness and without fear. Verses 15-18: Paul acknowledges that some preach about Christ out of envy and contention , others have goodwill / good intentions. Those who preach from a place of envy and contention afflict Paul more, adding to his bonds, while those who preach in love strengthen his defense. Regardless of the outcome, Paul's heart is set on defending the Gospel. Paul rejoices that no matter what happens, either way , whether in pretense or in truth , the message of Christ is being proclaimed . Verses 19-26: Paul expresses his knowledge that his adversity shall turn to salvation through the prayers of the Philippians and the supply of the Holy Ghost. He eagerly expects and hopes that he will be exonerated, but whether he lives or dies, he will continue to boldly magnify Christ because either way, he will gain . Living will allow him to continue his ministry, and dying will allow him to be with Christ. Paul considers either choice desirable but expresses that he will do his best to abide in the flesh for the sake of his friends so that he can help them and see them again. ​ More than a Hero ​ Verses 27-30 ​ Living Worthy of the Gospel Verses 27-28: Paul urges the Philippians to continue to conduct themselves in a manner worthy of the Gospel, standing firm in one spirit and striving side by side for the faith of the Gospel, not being frightened by adversaries . Paul expresses that this unified faith will be perceived by their enemies as an evident token of perdition , but unto God, it will be a token of salvation . Verses 29-30: Paul reminds them that it has been granted to them to suffer for Christ's sake and encourages them through his example. ​ Remember Thy Suffering Saints, O Our God In Philippians 2, Paul emphasizes humility, unity, and Christlike attitudes as essential qualities for the Christian community. These teachings provided guidance and encouragement to the Philippians in their cultural context, challenging them to imitate Christ's humility and shine as lights in a society with distinct values and expectations. Scripture Major Topics/ Themes ​Summary ​Cross-References, Videos & Resources ​​Philippians 2 ​ ​ ​ INT ​ Verses 1-11 ​ Humility and Unity in Christ ​ Verses 1-2: Paul encourages the Philippians to seek consolation in Christ, explaining that a fullness of joy can come through living a life centered on Christ, one patterned around His example. This choice embodies comfort , love , mercy , fellowship of the Spirit, and unity in heart and mind. Verses 3-5: Paul underscores the importance of not being motivated by politics , selfish ambition , or conceit but rather by humility , modesty, and a heightened esteem for others. He explains that this was the mindset of Christ, and this is the mindset we should emulate and create within. ​ ​ Verses 5-11 ​The Song of Christ's Glory Verses 5-11: Paul expresses his thoughts in a beautiful hymn or poem known as the "Christ Hymn." Paul highlights the humility of Christ and admonishes the saints to "Let this mind be in you." He sings of Jesus Christ, who understood that it was not robbery to become like God. Yet in humility, he abased Himself, taking on the form of a servant of no reputation , created in the likeness of men . And being found , fashioned in this humbled state, he continued to humble himself, as he demonstrated obedience to the Father, even to the point of death on the cross . Because of this, God (the Father) exalted Christ on High, giving him a name , which is above every name. That at the name of Jesus , every knee should bow , things in heaven , earth , and below the earth , and every tongue should confess that Jesus Christ is Lord , to the glory of God the Father . Philippians 2 || The Hymn of Christ ​Adapted modern interpretations: The Song of Christ’s Glory Philippians 2:5-11 Koine Greek: Τοῦτο φρονεῖτε ἐν ὑμῖν Christ ​ Original Song "Philippians 2:5-11" by Mercedes ​ Verses 12-18 ​ Shining as Lights in the World ​ Verses 12-13: Paul encourages the Philippians to continue to obey , not only in his presence , but much more importantly, in his absence . He admonishes them to work out their salvation with fear (awe, reverence ) and trembling (excitement), for God works in them, prompting them according to His will and good purposes. (those things that he knows will do the most good ) Verses 14-16: Paul urges them to do everything without murmuring or arguing so that they may shine as lights in the world, holding fast to the word of life . Verses 17-18: Paul speaks of his own potential martyrdom, stating that even if he is, he rejoices. ​ ​ Verses 19-24 ​ Genuine Friendship and Selflessness ​ Verses 19-21: Paul intends to send Timothy to the Philippians soon. He expresses his anticipation to hear how the Philippians are doing. Verses 22-24: Paul speaks of Timothy's proven character and his close partnership in ministry, contrasting Timothy's genuine care with the majority of people who seek after their own self-interests. ​ On Being Genuine ​ Verses 25-30 ​ The Example of Epaphroditus ​ Verses 25-30: Paul informs the Philippians that he is also sending Epaphroditus back to them. Epaphroditus had been ill and nearly died while serving Paul, but he had a strong desire to return to the Philippians and put their minds at ease about his condition. ​ In Philippians 3, Paul passionately emphasizes the surpassing worth of knowing Christ and the importance of heavenly citizenship over earthly accomplishments and legalistic practices. These teachings offered guidance and encouragement to the Philippians in their cultural context, challenging them to prioritize their loyalty to Christ above all else. Scripture Major Topics/ Themes ​Summary ​Cross-References, Videos & Resources ​​Philippians 3 ​ ​ ​INT ​ Verses 1-6 ​ Rejoicing in the Lord and the Danger of Legalism ​ Verses 1-3: Paul urges the Philippians to rejoice in the Lord and warns them to beware of those who advocate circumcision and legalistic practices as a means of righteousness. He uses very strong language against them, calling them dogs and evil workers who were essentially mutilating people as well as the message of Jesus Christ. Verses 4-6: Paul provides his credentials under Jewish law. He was circumcised at 8 days old, a descendant of Benjamin, trained in the law as a zealous Pharisaical priest, a Hebrew of Hebrews, blameless pertaining to the things of the law, but none of that mattered. Paul persecuted Christ and His church. He chose the wrong side and the wrong things to put his trust in. Paul demonstrated that if anyone could boast about their accomplishments and accolades , it would be him. However, he counts all such things as loss , a waste of time and effort, because they could not compare to Christ. ​ ​ Verses 7-11 ​ Knowing Christ and the Resurrection ​ Verses 7-9: Paul emphasizes that everything he once valued, he now considers as dung in comparison to the surpassing excellency of knowing Christ. In losing everything, Paul's focus shifted, and his only desire was to win Christ, to be found in Him, not by having a righteousness of his own, but that which comes through faith in Him. Verses 10-11: Paul expresses his desire to know Christ, the power of His resurrection , the fellowship of His sufferings , and being conformed to His death , all in the hope of attaining resurrection from the dead . ​ Verses 12-21 ​ ​ Citizenship in Heaven ​ Verses 12-16: Paul acknowledges that he has not yet attained perfection but presses on toward the goal of the upward call of God in Christ, that he might understand and apprehend the things of Christ. This is the prize , the high calling , the mark to align our minds to, so we can learn to walk with Christ in perfect unity . Paul urges the Philippians to follow him in following Christ as our example . Verses 17-19: Paul passionately warns against those who are enemies of the cross of Christ, explaining that their minds are set on earthly things , their bellies , their lusts, and that their glory is in their shame . These individuals are on a path of destruction , and Paul contrasts them with those who are citizens of heaven, who eagerly await the return of Christ. Verses 20-21: Paul reminds the Philippians that their citizenship is in heaven with the Savior, and they eagerly look for the Lord Jesus Christ, who will transform their lowly bodies into glorious ones like His own. ​ In Philippians 4, Paul concludes the letter with practical exhortations on rejoicing, prayer, contentment, and generosity. These teachings provided guidance and encouragement to the Philippians in their social, political, and cultural climate, challenging them to live out their faith joyfully, contentedly, and generously. Scripture Major Topics/ Themes ​Summary ​Cross-References, Videos & Resources ​​Philippians 4 ​ ​ ​INT ​ Verses 1-7 ​ Rejoice in the Lord and Be Anxious for Nothing ​​ Verse 1: Paul affectionately refers to the people of Philippi as his longed-for beloved joy and crown . He encourages them to stand fast . Verses 2-3: Paul addresses Euodia and Syntyche , two women in the Philippian church, encouraging them to be of the same mind in the Lord. He also addresses someone as his true " yokefellow ," encouraging this person to help the other women in Philippi with their labors in the gospel, those whose names are in the Book of Life . The Greek word translated as yokefellow is the Greek word σύζυγε , and this term is frequently used to refer to one's spouse. It refers to two people yoked together through the covenantal bond of marriage . Verses 4-7: Paul emphasizes the need for rejoicing in the Lord always, along with an exhortation not to be anxious but to present requests to God through prayer and supplication with thanksgiving . The peace of God, which surpasses understanding , will guard their hearts and minds in Christ Jesus. ​ Did Paul Address His Wife in Philippi? , ​ Verses 8-13 ​ The Secret of Contentment ​ Verses 8-9: Paul urges the Philippians to think about whatever is true , honest , just , pure , lovely , of good repute , virtuous , and praiseworthy . They should practice these things that they have learned , received , seen , and heard , and the God of peace will be with them. Verses 10-13: Paul expresses gratitude for the Philippians' partnership in his ministry. He assures them that he has learned the secret of being content in any circumstance, stating, "I can do all things through Christ who strengthens me." ​Article of Faith 13 Strengthened by the Atonement of Jesus Christ Overcome the World and Find Rest ​ Verses 14-23 ​ Generosity and God's Provision ​ Verses 14-16: Paul acknowledges the Philippians' financial support, noting that they were the only church that partnered with him in giving and receiving. Verses 17-18: Paul explains he did not seek the gift itself, but he desired the fruit that it might abound to the Philippians' account. He describes their generosity as a sweet and fragrant offering, a sacrifice acceptable and pleasing to God. Verses 19-20: Paul reassures the Philippians that God will supply all their needs according to His riches in glory through Christ Jesus and gives glory to God. Verses 21-23: Paul bids goodbye to the Philippians with a farewell salute . ​ Colossians In Colossians 1, Paul lays the foundation for the letter by emphasizing the preeminence of Christ and the sufficiency of the Gospel. These teachings provided guidance and assurance to the Colossian believers in their cultural environment, challenging them to place their faith solely in Christ and His redemptive work. Scripture Major Topics/ Themes ​Summary ​Cross-References, Videos & Resources ​Colossians 1 ​ ​ ​INT ​Verses 1-6 ​ The Opening and Thanksgiving Verses 1-2: Paul addresses the saints in Colosse . Verses 2-4: Paul exchanges expressions of gratitude , commending the saints for their love and faith. Verses 5-6: Paul highlights the impact of the Gospel, emphasizing the universality of the message in bringing peace, hope , and grace as it brings forth the fruits of heaven ​ ​Verses 7 ​ Epaphras and His Ministry: ​ Verses 7-9: Paul recognizes Epaphras as a fellow servant who played a pivotal role in introducing the Gospel to the Colossians. He characterizes Epaphras as a devout individual who maintained ceaseless prayers on behalf of the Colossian community. ​ ​Verse 9-13 ​ Strengthened in Faith: Verses 9-12: Paul prays that the Colossians may be filled with the knowledge of God's will , leading to wisdom and understanding by the Spirit. He exhorts them to walk in a manner worthy of the Lord, bearing fruit in every good work and growing in the knowledge of God. Verses 13-14: Paul gives thanks to the Father for qualifying them to share in the inheritance of the saints in light and for delivering them from the domain of darkness , translating them into the kingdom of His beloved Son. He emphasizes the redemption and forgiveness of sins through the blood of Christ. ​ Walking in Covenant Relationship with Christ ​ Verses 15-20 ​ The Preeminence of Christ ​ Verses 15-17: Paul exalts Christ as the image ( צֶלֶם ) of the invisible God, the firstborn over all creation , and the One in whom all things were created . He emphasizes Christ's role as the sustainer of all things. Verses 18-20: Paul highlights Christ's preeminence in the Church as its head and the reconciler of all things to God through His blood, making peace through his cross . ​ ​ Verses 21-29 ​ The Work of the Gospel ​ Verses 21-23: Paul describes the Colossians' former alienation and hostility due to sin but now reconciled through Christ's death, presented innocent and blameless before God, provided they continue grounded and steadfast in the faith. Verses 24-29: Paul speaks of his own role in proclaiming the mystery of Christ. He describes the Gospel as the message of "the hope of glory ," he labors, struggling with afflictions , to make it known to all. Paul strives to teach , preach , and warn everyone in all wisdom - that the body of the church might present everyone as mature (perfect) in Christ. ​ In Colossians 2, Paul addresses the theological challenges faced by the Colossian believers, emphasizing the sufficiency of Christ and warning against deceptive philosophies and legalism. These teachings provided guidance and correction to the Colossians in their cultural context, directing them to place their faith and full assurance in Christ alone. Scripture Major Topics/ Themes ​Summary ​Cross-References, Videos & Resources ​ ​Colossians 2 ​ ​ ​ INT ​ ​ Verses 1-15 ​ Fullness in Christ and Warning Against Deceptive Philosophies ​ Verses 1-5: Paul expresses his deep concern for the Colossians and Laodiceans , desiring that they may be comforted in heart and knit together in love, attaining to all the riches of full assurance and understanding . He teaches that all the treasures (thesauros) of wisdom and knowledge are found in Christ and the Father. Paul warns against anyone who tries to beguile them, those who teach otherwise with enticing words . Verses 6-7: Paul encourages the saints to walk in Christ, to build up their faith, established and rooted in Him, and to abound in thanksgiving . Verses 8-10: Paul warns against being taken captive by hollow and deceptive philosophies that are not according to Christ. In Christ, the fullness of deity dwells in Him, in His body , and believers are complete in Him, who is the head of all principalities and power . Verses 11-15: Paul speaks of the circumcision of the heart, the putting off of the body of flesh, and being buried and raised with Christ through faith in the working ordinances ( operations ) of God, including baptism . He discusses the process of repentance and forgiveness , and being quickened together with him, blessings made possible through the power of His Atonement. Paul reminds the listeners of Christ's triumph over all principalities , powers , and authorities, as he triumphed over all through the cross and resurrection. As such, Christ has the power to blot out any and all contracts , and dogmas that are contrary to us, (according to His will). Paul uses the analogy that these contracts and dogmas were nailed to the cross along with Christ. ​Jesus Christ Is the Treasure ​ ​ Verses 16-23 ​ Freedom from Legalism and Rituals ​ Verses 16-17: Paul addresses the Colossians regarding their observance of kosher laws, religious festivals , new moons (Fast Sunday), and Sabbaths , emphasizing that these were types and shadows of things to come , through Christ (His life, Mission, Ministry, etc.) Christ substantiated the fulfillment of these observances in the body, and they belong to Him. Verses 18-19: Paul warns against those who try to defraud the saints, describing them as trying to " beguile of your eternal reward ." He emphasizes the importance of voluntary humility as we serve in ceremonial worship with angels and warns against puffed-up and vain intrusions that lead one's mind to distraction and the exaltation of self rather than Christ, who is the head. Paul reminds us that when we serve Christ through nourishing and ministering to others, the health of the entire body is knit together , and as a united body, we increase in God. Verses 20-23: Paul underscores that believers have died with Christ to the rudimental ( stoicheion ) principles of the world, and saints are no longer bound or subjected to the worldly ordinances and regulations, such as "Do not handle , do not taste , do not touch ." Many of these principles demonstrate elements of wisdom, but without Christ, these commandments neglect the key factor, and these doctrines of men will ultimately perish , as they do not have the value to satisfy the soul or nourish the body (or mind). ​It Works Wonderfully! Hearts Knit Together ​ In Colossians 3, Paul provides practical instructions for living a life in Christ, emphasizing the renewal of the Christian's mind and the virtues of a transformed life. These teachings guided the Colossian believers in their cultural context, encouraging them to prioritize heavenly things, live out their faith, and cultivate Christlike virtues in their relationships and daily lives. Scripture Major Topics/ Themes ​Summary ​Cross-References, Videos & Resources ​Colossians 3 ​ ​ ​INT ​ Verses 1-4 ​ Setting the Mind on Things Above ​ Verses 1-2: Paul exhorts those who rise with Christ to earnestly seek the things that are above , where Christ is seated at the right hand of God. They are to set their minds and affections on higher, heavenly things, not earthly things. Verses 3-4: Paul reminds them that they have died to their old life and that their life is now hidden (buried) with Christ in God. When Christ appears , they will also appear with Him in glory. ​Think Celestial ​ Verses 5-17 ​ Putting Off the Old Self and Putting On the New Self ​ Verses 5-9: Paul instructs the Colossians to mortify (put to death) the carnal parts and deeds of our old selves, including sexual immorality , impurity , evil desires , concupiscence (lust), wickedness, and greed , explaining that these are all aspects of idolatry . Paul explains that these are the deeds that provoked the wrath of God as a means to punish the disobedient . He counsels the saints to put off the old habits of anger, malice , blasphemy , filthy communication , and dishonesty . Those are the deeds of the old self. Verses 10-11: Paul emphasizes that they have put on a new self, being renewed in knowledge after the image of the Creator . In Christ, there is no distinction between Greek and Jew , circumcised and uncircumcised, barbarian , Scythian (Russian), slave , or free , but Christ is all, and in all. Verses 12-17: Paul urges the elect of God to put on mercy , compassion, kindness , humility , meekness , patience , forbearance , forgiveness , and above all, charity (the perfect bond ). The elect let the peace of Christ rule in their hearts and are thankful , letting the word of Christ dwell in them. Through the richness of the word, they teach and admonish one another in wisdom, through psalms , hymns , and spiritual songs , singing with grace in their hearts to the Lord. ​ Put Off the Natural Man, and Come Off Conqueror Converted unto the Lord Drawing the Power of Jesus Christ into Our Lives ​ Verses 18-25 ​ Christian Relationships and Households ​ Verses 18-21: Paul addresses various relationships within households, instructing wives to submit to their husbands , husbands to love their wives without bitterness , children to obey their parents , and fathers not to provoke their children to discouragement . Verses 22-25: Paul speaks to bondservants (employees) and masters (managers, employers), urging bondservants to obey their earthly masters sincerely, not just as people-pleasers , doing what makes them look good . Their mentality should be to perform their work with a singleness of heart, out of respect for God. Masters should do likewise, and treat their bondservants justly and fairly, remembering that they also have a Master in heaven . Paul reminds all that God is not a respecter of persons , both servants and masters ultimately serve one God. Christ, as the ultimate judge, will evaluate each person's motives and deeds, determining the rewards or consequences they will receive in their eternal inheritance. (his them continues into Colossians 4:1 ​ Scripture Major Topics/ Themes ​Summary ​Cross-References, Videos & Resources ​Colossians 4 ​ ​ ​INT ​ Verses 2-6 ​ Practical application through Prayer and Proclaiming the Gospel ​ Verses 2-4: Paul encourages the Colossians to continue steadfastly in prayer, being watchful and thankful . He requests prayers for those who are part of the ministry that a door of utterance will open to help them articulate the mystery of Christ in ways that they will plainly manifest the message as it ought to be. Verses 5-6: Paul advises the Colossians to walk in wisdom toward those who do not have the gospel, making the best use of their time. He counsels them to let their speech be gracious and seasoned with salt so that they might know how to best answer ( עָנָה ) each person. ​ ​ Verses 7-18 ​ Personal Connections and Salutations ​ Verses 7-9: Paul mentions Tychicus , a beloved brother and faithful minister , who will inform the Colossians of Paul's circumstances. He also sends greetings from Onesimus , and Aristarchus . Verses 10-11: Paul mentions Mark (Barnabas' nephew) and Jesus, who is called Justus , as fellow workers for the kingdom of God, extending their greetings. Verses 12-18: Paul instructs the Colossians to greet Epaphras , who is always laboring fervently in prayer for them. He conveys greetings from those in Laodicea and Nympha , as well as from the brethren who are with him. Paul closes with a reminder to read the letter in the Colossian church and sends his own greeting in his own hand, closing with "Grace be with you." ​ Church Related Videos & Resources Spiritual Whirlwinds Trial of Adversity Scripture Central Study Guide Reading Guide Philippians; Colossians Lynne Hilton Wilson, " Philippians; Colossians ,"  Come Follow Me: The New Testament , 2019. Background to the Pauline Epistles: Frank F. Judd Jr., “ The Epistles of the Apostle Paul : An Overview,” in  New Testament History, Culture, and Society: A Background to the Texts of the New Testament,  ed. Lincoln H. Blumell (Religious Studies Center, Brigham Young University; Salt Lake City: Deseret Book, 2019), 419-445. Eric D. Huntsman, “ The Occasional Nature, Composition, and Structure of Paul’s Letters ,” in  How the New Testament Came to Be: The Thirty-fifth Annual Sidney B. Sperry Symposium , ed. Kent P. Jackson and Frank F. Judd Jr. (Provo, UT: Religious Studies Center, Brigham Young University; Salt Lake City: Deseret Book, 2006), 190–207. The Divinity of Jesus Christ: Nicholas J. Frederick and Frank F. Judd Jr., “ The Revelation of Jesus Christ to Paul: Presenting a Deeper, Full Christology ” in  Thou Art the Christ: The Son of the Living God, The Person and Work of Jesus in the New Testament,  ed. Eric D. Huntsman, Lincoln H. Blumell, and Tyler J. Griffin (Religious Studies Center, Brigham Young University; Salt Lake City: Deseret Book, 2018), 192–215. Philippians: Thomas A. Wayment, “‘ Each Person Has a Hymn’: The Creator-Savior Hymns ,” in  Thou Art the Christ: The Son of the Living God, The Person and Work of Jesus in the New Testament,  ed. Eric D. Huntsman, Lincoln H. Blumell, and Tyler J. Griffin (Religious Studies Center, Brigham Young University; Salt Lake City: Deseret Book, 2018), 192–215. David W. Smith, “Obedient to the Death of the Cross: The Christological Hymn in Philippians,” in  BYU Religious Education 2010 Student Symposium  (Provo, UT: Religious Studies Center, Brigham Young University, 2010), 127–137. Aaron Snyder, " Suffering for the Savior's Sake ,"  Religious Educator  11, no. 3 (2010): 145–155. Thomas A. Wayment and John Gee, " Did Paul Address His Wife in Philippi? ,"  Studies in the Bible and Antiquity , vol. 4 , 2012. Jeffrey R. Holland, “’Remember Lot’s Wife’: Faith is For the Future,” BYU Speeches January 2009. Frank F. Judd Jr., “ The Condescension of God according to Pau l,”  Shedding Light on the New Testament: Acts–Revelation , ed. Ray L. Huntington, Frank F. Judd Jr., and David M. Whitchurch (Provo, UT: Religious Studies Center, Brigham Young University, 2009), 171–92. Colossians: Donald W. Parry, “ Ancient Sacred Vestments: Scriptural Symbols and Meanings ,”  Interpreter: A Journal of Latter-day Saint Faith and Scholarship  48 (2021): 11–32. Dallin H. Oaks, “ Push Back Against the World ,”  Prophets and Apostles , February 2017. Fair Mormon, “ Question: Does Colossians 1:16 teach that Jesus created all things out of nothing? ”  Fairlatterdaysaints.org. The Bible Project Book of Colossians Summary: A Complete Animated Overview Book of Philippians Summary: A Complete Animated Overview The Bible Effect Philippians Historical Background | Why was Philippians written? Colossians Historical Background | Why was Colossians written? BYU’s RSC Suffering for the Savior’s Sake The Condescension of God according to Paul The Revelation of Jesus Christ to Paul: Presenting a Deeper, Full Christology "Each Person Has a Hymn": The Creator-Savior Hymns Additional Videos & Insights Where is Ancient Philippi? New Testament History, Culture, and Society Early Church History Timeline 0 to 500 AD ( PDF version, download )

CFM: October 2–8 Ephesians Videos and Podcasts Video/ Podcast ​Lesson Extension ​Additional Materials Scripture Central Ephesians Study Guide Follow Him Ephesians Part 1 , Part 2 Transcripts Line Upon Line Ephesians ​FHE Lesson Teaching with Power Ephesians ​ Don't Miss This Ephesians ​ ​CFM New Testament Ephesians ​Unshaken Ephesians ( Part 1 , Part 2 ) ​ ​The Interpreter Foundation Ephesians ​Study helps by Jonn Claybaugh ​Teaching Helps with John Hilton Ephesians ​ ​Ponderfun Ephesians ( not yet posted ) ​Talking Scripture Ephesians Show Notes ​Hurricane Utah Adult Religion Class , New Testament The Epistles of Paul, Colossians & Ephesians: Notes , Slides , Handout Resources and Insights about this Week's Lesson The Book of Ephesians, one of the epistles within the New Testament, has traditionally been ascribed to the Apostle Paul, with its intended audience being the Christian community in the ancient city of Ephesus. However, scholarly debate surrounds the authorship of this letter, casting doubt on its direct attribution to Paul. During the era in which it was written, it was not uncommon for someone other than the purported author to compose a letter in their name. Various theories have emerged regarding the true authorship of Ephesians, and if it was not penned by Paul himself, it is likely that it was composed on his behalf, likely compiled from his other writing and public teachings. Some scholars propose that it may have been authored by one of Paul's trusted disciples or followers, such as Luke or Titus, while others speculate that Priscilla and Aquila could have played a role. Alternatively, Ephesians might be a compilation drawn from various sources or letters circulating during that period. One of the key factors contributing to doubts about Pauline authorship is the presence of noticeable disparities in vocabulary, writing style, sentence structure, tone, and theological emphasis when compared to other undisputed Pauline letters. These distinctions serve as primary reasons prompting scholars to consider the possibility of an alternate authorship for the Book of Ephesians. If Paul actually did write Ephesians, tradition indicates it was probably written from Rome around 61-63 AD. If it was not written by Paul, scholars suggest it was likely written sometime during 70-95 AD. To understand the context and significance of this book, we must first delve into the history and culture of Ephesus and Paul's influence on the community. Ephesus: A Historical Overview Ephesus was a prominent ancient Greek city located on the western coast of modern-day Turkey. It was situated in Ionia , near the mouth of the Cayster River and was known for its strategic location as a major port city along the Aegean Sea. Ionia is historically known as the birthplace of Western Philosophy and Science, and it has a rich and diverse history that spanned several centuries. According to legend, Ephesus was founded by the Amazons , the fabled female warriors associated with Diana (Artemis, "Wonder Woman"). The city's origins can be traced back to the Ionian Greeks in the 10th century BCE, but it likely has earlier ties to the Ancient Minoan civilization, as the communities share several common mythological themes and cultural/religious traditions. In the 7th century a group of 12 city states joined together to form the Ionian League , forming a socio-religious pact. This helped to provide support, safety, and stability to the community and region. This community would be instrumental during the Persian invasions in the 6th Century, and they would stand against King Darius during the first wave of Persian invasions. Following this invasion the Ionian League partnered with Athens and other areas to create the Delian League to stand against King Xerxes (Ahursus), and they were able to successfully maintain their independence ( The Formation of the Delian League ). These event propelled Greece into their Golden Age. This history is alluded to in the book of Esther. Ephesus flourished under various Greek rulers and became a vital hub for trade and commerce. During the Roman Empire, Ephesus continued to thrive and was known for its impressive architecture, including the Temple of Artemis , one of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World . It also served as the capital of the Roman province of Asia. Ephesus was a center of culture and religion. The Temple of Artemis was a focal point for religious worship, and the city was home to diverse religious practices, including the spread of Christianity. The city's proximity to the sea and well-developed infrastructure made it a key trading center in the region, fostering economic and intellectual prosperity. According to Acts 18:19-21, Paul visited Ephesus briefly on his second missionary journey but promised to return, which he did on his third journey (Acts 19). During his extended stay in Ephesus, Paul engaged in extensive evangelism, teaching, and building up the church community. His influence on the Christian community in Ephesus was profound. Some of the major events involving Paul in Ephesus include: Teaching in the Synagogue : Paul initially began his ministry in Ephesus by preaching in the synagogue. He gained a following and started teaching about Jesus Christ. Following being expelled from the Synagogue he began teaching at the School of Tyrannus, and developed a large following. Miracles and Spiritual Warfare : Acts 19:11-20 describes how Paul performed miracles including healing the sick, and casting out demons in the name of Christ. "And God was doing extraordinary miracles by the hands of Paul, so that even handkerchiefs or aprons that had touched his skin were carried away to the sick, and their diseases left them, and the evil spirits came out of them." (11-12). Some tried to duplicate the miracles Paul performed, but they were unsuccessful, and their efforts backfired. The Riot in Ephesus : Acts 19:23-41 recounts a riot instigated by silversmiths who were concerned about the impact of Paul's teaching on the trade of idols related to Artemis (Diana). This event demonstrated the strong reaction Paul's message provoked, and the significant impact it had, Paul: Uproar in Ephesus . So great was Paul's message, many completely abandoned and rejected the previous traditions, even going so far as to burn and destroy many of the communities records and artifacts. This spurred a great deal of contention, anger, and fear. While one might appreciate the zeal these early members had for the Gospel, their contentious methods set dangerous precedents that brought immediate and long term consequences. Paul's message of unity and oneness in Ephesians addresses the importance of being peacemakers. Overview: Ephesians 1 contains important theological and practical insights for the early Christian community in Ephesus and beyond. This letter served to strengthen the faith of believers in a culturally diverse and spiritually challenging context, offering them a vision of their identity and purpose in Christ. Scripture Major Topics/ Themes ​Summary ​Cross-References, Videos & Resources Ephesians 1 ​ ​ ​​ INT Ephesians Commentary by Phillip Abbot ​Verse 1-2 ​Salutations ​Standard opening greeting: Salutations indicating sender and recipients. ​ χάρις Charis, a greeting that Paul frequently and intentionally uses, means "Grace, beauty, charm, elegance, gratitude, and goodwill," it is the root for several English words such as charisma, cherish, caress, and charity; the word grace is also etymologically related, as the "g" and "c" got swapped, which was a very common occurrence for borrowed words from Greek to Latin. This root is alo related to the Greek name for Christ through the root, χείρ which means "hand" ( חֶסֶד , χρηστότης ). It is through Christ's hands, help, aid, support, charity, grace, power, and anointings that we can receive the blessings of salvation. These concepts of Grace were personified in Ancient Greek mythologies, which would have registered with the Ephesian Saints. Many recognized correlations between Greek mythological and linguistic remnants to the traditions and teachings that Paul taught. They saw commonalities between their traditions and those These were the types of distinctive markers that pointed many early converts to the true Gospel of Jesus Christ, causing them to reject the cultural and religious traditions that they came to recognize as incomplete and flawed. ​ ​ Verses 3-14 ​ The Premortal Blessings of Redemption through Jesus Christ Verses 3-6: Paul opens the letter by praising God for blessing believers with every spiritual and heavenly blessing in Christ. He emphasizes that God chose ( elected ) us from before the foundations of the world , and that were were predestined (fore ordained ) to be adopted and accepted into the glory and grace of God through Jesus Christ. Verses 7-10: Paul discusses redemption and the forgiveness of sins/ offenses through Christ's blood . He recognizes God's wisdom and prudence in making know the plan of salvation, the mystery of his will , that in the dispensation of the fullness of times , he might unite all things together as one , in heaven and on earth under Christ. Verses 11-14: Paul highlights the purpose of Christ, to bring to pass the predestinated inheritance that was determined among the counsel and operates according to His will . ​The Plan of Salvation & Pre-Existence: Foreordination Abraham 3 , Moses 1 Premortality The Grand Counsel The Plan of Salvation Kingdoms of Glory Atonement of Jesus Christ The Traditional Seven Sacred Mysteries (Sacraments) as recorded by Peter Lombard (c.1100-1160) : Baptism Confirmation Repentance Sacrament Holy Matrimony Ordination Unction (Priesthood Anointing) ​ Verses 15-23 ​Paul's Prayer of Thanksgiving, stresses Unity in Christ ​ Verses 15-16: Paul expresses gratitude for the faith and love of the Ephesian believers and his continual prayers for them. Verses 17-19: Paul prays for the Ephesians to receive wisdom and revelation through knowing Christ, that the eyes of their understanding might be enlightened , and they will know the hope of the calling , including the wealth , glory , and inheritance that lies in store for the saints . Verses 20-23: Paul emphasizes the power of Christ's Atonement , his authority and exaltation above all principalities and authorities, with the Church as His body, filled with His fullness. ​ The second chapter of Ephesians delves into key theological and practical themes that were crucial for the early Christian community in Ephesus, including themes of salvation by grace, unity in Christ, and reconciliation between Jews and Gentiles. These teachings provided guidance and encouragement to the Ephesian Christians, emphasizing their shared identity in Christ and the transformative power of God's grace in a diverse and complex cultural context. Scripture Major Topics/ Themes ​Summary ​Cross-References, Videos & Resources Ephesians 2 ​ ​ INT ​ Verses 1-10 ​ Salvation by Grace through Faith: From Death to Life with Christ Verses 1-3: Paul begins by describing the spiritual state of all people before coming to faith in Christ, emphasizing their deadness because of trespasses and sins . He wrote about them walking ( הָלַך ) according to the course of the world and the prince of disobedience . Verses 4-7: Paul highlights God's rich mercy and love , which led Him to save those who were by nature in a fallen and carnal state, the " children of wrath ." Those who make the choice to walk with Christ in faith will be saved and quickened together with Him ; they will be raised up with Christ and sit with him (to appoint, confer a kingdom upon one) in the heavenly places. This gift of redemption and the opportunity for exultation is only possible because of the grace of Jesus Christ. It is not something we are entitled to, and it is not something we can earn on our own. Verses 8-9: Paul makes a profound declaration about salvation by grace through faith, emphasizing that it is a gift of God and not based on human works, so that no one can boast. Verse 10: Paul asserts that believers are God's workmanship, created in Christ Jesus for good works that God prepared beforehand for them to walk in.​ ​ Agency and Accountability The Fall of Adam & Eve War in Heaven Grace Quickening (Immortality) Becoming Like God Kingdoms of Glory What Think Ye of Salvation by Grace? The Gift of Grace ​ Verses 11-22 ​ Unity in Christ Verses 11-13: Paul addresses the Gentile believers, reminding them of their former state as outsiders without Christ using terminology such as uncircumcised , aliens , strangers from the covenant of promise , and without God . However, through Christ, they have been brought nigh by the blood of Christ. Verses 14-16: Paul emphasizes the role of Christ in reconciling both Jews and Gentiles and creating one new humanity, breaking down the dividing wall of hostility ( emnity ) that had previously partitioned them. In Christ's flesh, he abolished the law of commandments and ordinances that had previously separated them in twain , making one new man, ushering in an era of peace and reconciliation where the body of Christ could be unified and made whole (perfected). Verses 17-18: Paul highlights that through Christ, both Jews and Gentiles have access to the Father by the Spirit. Verses 19-22: Paul describes believers as fellow citizens in God's household , built on the foundation of apostles and prophets , with Christ as the chief cornerstone . This imagery underscores the unity of the Church. ​ The goal of reconciliation and unity between Jews and Gentiles within the Christian community was especially relevant for Paul in Ephesus at this time. Many Christians and Jews had been fighting with each other, and with the Romans. Rome even expelled the Jews from the capitol for a time because of these conflicts, and the hostility was widespread, leading to deadly international, political, and militaristic tensions. This was part of the reason that Paul was incarcerated. The message of salvation by grace through faith offered hope and comfort to the saints in Ephesus, reminding them that their standing before God was not dependent on cultural background or their works (good deeds, cultural expectations, financial contributions, ritual observance, etc.) but on God's grace. Breaking down walls of separation, a reference to the Temple mount that had previously excluded the Gentiles under penalties of death ( Balustrade Inscriptions ) Paul expounds on the mystery of Christ and the inclusion of Gentiles in God's plan, emphasizing unity and the importance of prayer for spiritual strength and understanding. These teachings provided guidance and assurance to the Ephesian Christians in navigating their faith within a diverse and challenging cultural context. Scripture Major Topics/ Themes ​Summary ​Cross-References, Videos & Resources Ephesians 3 ​ ​ ​ INT ​ Verses 1-13 ​ The Mystery of Christ and the Inclusion of Gentiles ​ Verses 1-6: Paul explains his role as a prisoner of God's grace, entrusted with making the mystery of Christ known. This mystery, hidden in previous generations , is one that God wants people to read , understand , and know . He has revealed these truths to the children of men through the apostles and prophets, and he desires the Gentiles to be included as fellow heirs , members of the same body , and partakers of the promise in Christ Jesus through the Gospel . Verses 7-13: Paul expresses his humility and awe at being chosen to be a minister , calling himself the least of all saints, marveling at the gift of grace given to him by the effectual working (energy) of His power. He speaks of his mission to share the unsearchable riches of Christ. He describes the " fellowship of the mystery , " which had been hidden from the beginning of the world by Jesus Christ the creator of all things. He describes the principalities and powers of the heavenly places according to the manifold wisdom of God (Kingdoms of Glory, Throne Theophany, manifold " multicolored , variegated diversity" - rainbow pattern associated with the covenant as described by Enoch, Noah, Ezekiel, John, and others, and observed with Joseph's coat and the breastplate of righteousness/judgment). Paul reveals these mysteries to the Gentiles according to the eternal purposes of Christ, emphasizing his boldness and confidence in the wisdom of God's plan. Paul repeats his commitment to follow through and serve God in humility and faith. ​ Ephesians: Unfolding the Mysteries through Revelation Some Additional Mysteries Paul expands upon: The Dispensation of the Fullness of Times ( Ephesians 1:9–10) Becoming Fellow Heirs with Christ (Ephesians 3:3–6) Covenantal Marriage , Living , & Stewardship (Ephesians 5:31–32) Throne Theophany (the same pattern of prophecy described by multiple prophets, both male and female, through sacred visions and encounters) ​ Verses 14-21 ​ Prayer for Spiritual Strength and Understanding ​ Verses 14-17: Paul bows his knees in prayer on behalf of the Ephesians and names the whole family in heaven and earth . He asks that the family be strengthened with power through the Holy Spirit in their inner being and that Christ may dwell in their hearts , being rooted and grounded in faith and love . Verses 17-19: Paul prays that the saints may have the strength to comprehend the breadth , length , height , and depth of Christ's love, which surpasses knowledge and has the capacity to fill them with the fullness of God. Verses 20-21: Paul closes with a doxology, glory of logos "logic/study/word/discourse, etc." acknowledging that God is able to do far more abundantly than we could possibly ask , desire, think , or imagine, according to the power that he works in us! Therefore, he deserves all glory, throughout all ages and all worlds forever. ​With the Power of God in Great Glory In Ephesians 4, Paul addresses themes of unity, spiritual maturity, and ethical conduct within the Christian community, offering practical guidance for navigating a diverse and challenging cultural context. These teachings were intended to strengthen the faith and witness of the Ephesian Christians in a complex world. Scripture Major Topics/ Themes ​Summary ​Cross-References, Videos & Resources Ephesians 4 ​ ​ ​INT ​ Verses 1-16 ​ Unity and Maturity in the Body of Christ ​ Verses 1-3: Paul urges fellow Ephesian " prisoners " to walk in a manner worthy of their vocational calling , emphasizing humility , meekness , patience , and forbearing in love as they endeavor to maintain ( שָׁמַר ) the unity of the Spirit in the bond of peace . Verses 4-6: Paul underscores the essential elements of Christian unity: one body , one Spirit, one hope , one Lord , one faith , one baptism , and one God and Father of all . Verses 7-11: Paul speaks of Christ's ascension and descension , His giving of spiritual gifts to every one of us in the Church, according to the measure he designates, including apostles , prophets , evangelists , pastors , and teachers . Verses 11-13: Paul explains that these individuals are given a measure of this gift to perfect and equip ( תָּמַם ) the saints for the work of the ministry ( שָׁרַת ) and the building up the body of Christ until all attain unity , faith , knowledge , and maturity , unto the measure of the stature of the fullness of Christ. Verses 14-16: Paul warns against being deceived by false doctrines and cunning craftiness (Priestcraft), emphasizing the importance of speaking the truth in love, which leads to growth and unity in the Church. This fitly joins together the body of Christ, effectively compacting (knitting together) and building up the kingdom in love. The term ​prisoners of the Faith was written while Paul was imprisoned in Rome awaiting his execution. Walk with Me , Prisoner for Jesus Christ Oneness Gather Together in One All Things in Christ Our Hearts Knit as One Ascension and Descension Drawing the Power of Jesus Christ into Our Lives Priesthood, Keys, and the Power to Bless Strengthened by the Atonement of Jesus Christ He Is Risen with Healing in His Wings: Being Perfected (Made Whole, Matured, Completed) in Christ Be Perfected in Him Be Ye Therefore Perfect—Eventually Priestcraft and Unrighteous Dominion Only upon the Principles of Righteousness Truth and the Plan ​ Verses 17-32 ​ Putting Off the Old Self and Putting On the New ​ Verses 17-19: Paul instructs believers not to walk as the Gentiles do, in the vanity of their minds . He explains that darkness has alienated them from God through ignorance , their hearts have been blinded because of pride, greed , lust , callousness , and impure motives . Verses 20-24: Paul emphasizes the need to Hear Christ and allow him to teach us truth . We must put off the old / natural/ corrupt man and create a renewed self in spirit and mind , created in righteousness (justification) and holiness (sanctification), and live accordingly. Verses 25-32: Paul provides practical guidance on living as new creations in Christ, including kindness , speaking truth, avoiding anger / bitterness / wrath / corruption , working honestly, communicating to build up , avoidance of malicious gossip and evil speaking , forgiving one another, providing service, being generous and imitating God's love. ​ Your minds in the past have been darkened... The Power of the Word ( D&C 84:54–57 .) Hear Him Put Off the Natural Man, and Come Off Conqueror The Power of Spiritual Momentum Converted Unto the Lord The fifth chapter of Ephesians continues to provide guidance for Christian living, emphasizing the themes of imitating God, living in light, and exhibiting a Christlike attitudes and relationships in various aspects of life. Scripture Major Topics/ Themes ​Summary ​Cross-References, Videos & Resources Ephesians 5 ​ ​ ​ INT ​ Verses 1-7 ​ Imitating God and Walking in Love ​ Verses 1-2: Paul encourages the Ephesian believers to imitate God by walking in love, just as Christ loved them and gave Himself as an offering and a sweet-smelling sacrifice for savour . This involves living a life characterized by selflessness and sacrificial love. Verses 3-7: Paul contrasts the behavior of believers with that of the world, urging them to avoid sexual immorality , impurity , covetousness , obscenity , foolish talk , and crude joking . Such behavior is inconsistent with a life of gratitude , holiness, and love. Those who engage in these types of behaviors will not have an inheritance in the kingdom of God. Paul warns the saints not to be deceived by vain words contradicting God's message, for those who partake in these behaviors will suffer the wrath of God and the consequences for their disobedience . ​ Walk in the Light Gladly, Gladly We’ll Walk in the Light By Their Fruits Ye Shall Know Them ​ Verses 8-14 ​ Living as Children of Light ​ Verses 8-10: Paul emphasizes that believers are now children of the Lord's light , having been brought out of darkness by Christ. They are to walk as children of light, bearing the fruit of goodness , righteousness , and truth . Verses 11-14: Paul instructs believers to have no fellowship with the unfruitful and shameful works of darkness and secret doings but rather to reprove and to manifest / bring them to light. He likens the exposure of darkness to light shining on it, thereby transforming and dispelling it. He also relates this concept to the resurrection. As truth is exposed, the faithful draw closer to Christ. ​ ​ Verses 15-33 ​Engaging in Christ Like Relationships ​ Verses 15-18: Paul urges believers to be diligent and wise, to make sacred use of their time, and to seek to understand the Lord's will . He councils them to live in wisdom and discernment, to not get drunk , and to avoid excess . Verses 19-21: Paul encourages believers to be filled with the Spirit , to submit to one another , to articulate with one another in psalms , hymns , odes , and spiritual singing , making melodies and giving thanks in their hearts to the Lord. Verses 22-33: Paul offers instruction for various relationships, including wives and husbands , and children and parents. He emphasizes the importance of mutual love, respect, caring for and protecting one another, prioritizing these relationships, and putting our lives in order (From ὑπό (G5259) and τάσσω (G5021) . We should do this out of respect for God; we should mirror the relationship between Christ and the Church in our homes, with husbands taking the responsibility as the head . He counsels husbands to be worthy of their families and of this sacred responsibility, to provide for them, cherish and nurture them, even as the Lord provides for and gave his life for his Church. Paul councils men to present themselves without spot , wrinkle , or blemish , just as Christ presented himself to the Church. So should they love their wives as they love their own bodies, for he that loves his wife, loves himself. Their families are flesh of their flesh, and bone of their bone, and husbands should be faithful and attentive to their families. A husband and wife should be joined together as one, making their relationship their top priority. This mystery of marriage is one of the seven traditional sacraments previously mentioned. ​ Marriage Remember What Matters Most Marriage: Watch and Learn Celestial Marriage The sixth chapter of Ephesians concludes the letter with instructions regarding spiritual warfare, the Christian's armor, and exhortations for various relationships. Scripture Major Topics/ Themes ​Summary ​Cross-References, Videos & Resources Ephesians 6 ​ ​ ​​ INT Verses 1-9 ​Relationship with Children, Servants, and Stewards ​ Paul offers counsel regarding how people should treat one another in various social hierarchies: parents to children, children to parents, servants (workers) to masters (superiors), and masters (superiors) to servants (workers). Verses 1-3: Children to parents : Paul emphasizes the importance of obedience and honoring one's parents, explaining that this is the right thing to do and it is a commandment with a promise - that all may be well , and we may live long upon the Earth. Verses 4 : Parents to children: Parents should not provoke their children to anger, and they should raise and nurture them according to the admonitions of the Lord. Verse 5-8 : Servants to masters : Paul uses the Greek word douli , which is commonly interpreted in a derogatory manner, as a "servant" or "slave." However, this word has a wide range of meanings, from a bondsman to one who is devoted to another to the disregard of their own interests. This could be a minister, a neighbor, a friend, an employee, a student, or even a disciple ( διάκονος). Paul counsels those in positions of service to do so with singleness of heart , as one would serve Christ. We should not serve to look good or to receive the praise of others but because we wholeheartedly seek to do the Lord's will. Paul reminds us that the goodwill we do in service will be reciprocated by the Lord when we do it unto the Lord, whether we do it out of obligation or we do it freely . Verse 9: Masters to servants: Paul admonishes those who are in positions of authority to do the same things for their servants as their servants should do for them, to serve and treat them like they would the Savior. They should forbear making threats and treat them as their Master in heaven treats them, with fairness and as no respecter of persons . ​ INT ​ Verses 10-17 Spiritual Warfare and the Armor of God ​ Verses 10-12: Paul emphasizes the need for the saints to be strong in the Lord through His power and might . He instructs them to put on the whole armor of God, explaining that their struggle is not against flesh and blood but they wrestle against the wiles of the devil , which can include principalities , powers , rulers of darkness in this world and spiritual wickedness in high places. Verses 13-17: Paul describes the importance of the armor of God, explaining that it will give us the power to stand against the evil of our day, and everything else we have to do and face . He lists the components of the spiritual armor, including: the belt of truth the breastplate of righteousness shod under our feet , shoes of preparation in the gospel of peace Above all, the shield ( מָגֵן ) of faith , giving us the power to quench all of the fiery darts of the wicked the helmet of salvation and the sword of the Spirit (the Word of God ). ​ ​ Verses 18-20 ​ Prayer and Perseverance ​ Verses 18-19: Paul encourages believers to pray and seek the Spirit at all times , with all kinds of prayers and requests, watching with perseverance , and paying attention to the needs of all saints. Paul also asks for prayer on his behalf that he may be given the words to boldly proclaim and explain the mysteries of the Gospel. Verse 20: Paul underscores his role as an ambassador in chains , emphasizing the importance of boldly proclaiming the Gospel message even in challenging circumstances. ​ ​ Verses 21-24 ​ Relationships and Unity ​ Verses 21-22: Paul introduces Tychicus , a beloved brother and faithful minister, who would provide correspondence and information about the affairs and circumstances regarding the Ephesian believers. Verses 23-24: Paul ends the letter by imparting peace, comfort , love, faith, and grace to those who love the Lord Jesus Christ in sincerity. ​ Church Related Videos & Resources The Epistle to the Ephesians Kent Brown The Epistle to the Ephesians Phillip Abbot Scripture Central Study Guide Reading Guide Lynne Hilton Wilson, " Ephesians ,"  Come Follow Me: The New Testament , 2019. Thomas A. Wayment,  “ Internal Divisions: Ephesians in Historical Context, ”   Shedding Light on the New Testament : Acts–Revelation, ed. Ray L. Huntington, Frank F. Judd Jr., and David M. Whitchurch (Provo, UT: Religious Studies Center, Brigham Young University, 2009), 153–70. Matthew O. Richardson,  “ Ephesians: Unfolding the Mysteries through Revelation ,”  in  Go Ye into All the World: Messages of the New Testament Apostles , 31st Annual Sidney B. Sperry Symposium (Salt Lake City: Deseret Book, 2002), 130–144. Philip Abbot,  New Testament Renditions: The Epistle to the Ephesians: A New Rendition , Provo, UT: BYU New Testament Commentary, 2019. Amy Blake Hardison,  “ Unity and Atonement in Ephesians ,”  in  Go Ye into All the World: Messages of the New Testament Apostles , 31st Annual Sidney B. Sperry Symposium (Salt Lake City: Deseret Book, 2002), 114–129. David A. Bednar,  “ Gather Together in One All Things in Christ ,”  General Conference October 2018. Brian M. Hauglid,  “ Joseph Smith’s Inspired Commentary on the Doctrine of Calling and Election ,”   Shedding Light on the New Testament: Acts–Revelation , ed. Ray L. Huntington, Frank F. Judd Jr., and David M. Whitchurch (Provo, UT: Religious Studies Center, Brigham Young University, 2009), 209–27. Grant Underwood, “ The ‘Same’ Organization That Existed in the Primitive Church ,” in  Go Ye into All the World: Messages of the New Testament Apostles , 31st Annual Sidney B. Sperry Symposium (Salt Lake City: Deseret Book, 2002), 167–186. Lavell Edwards,  “ Take Upon Yourself the Whole Armor of God ,”  BYU Speeches April 2001. Tad R. Callister,  “What Is the Blueprint of Christ’s Church?”  CES Devotional for Young Adults January 2014. Russell M. Nelson,  “ Thus Shall My Church Be Called ,”  General Conference April 1990. Spencer W. Kimball,  “ Men of Example ,”  Teaching Seminary: Preservice Readings. Background to the Pauline Epistles: Frank F. Judd Jr., “ The Epistles of the Apostle Paul: An Overview ,” in  New Testament History, Culture, and Society: A Background to the Texts of the New Testament,  ed. Lincoln H. Blumell (Religious Studies Center, Brigham Young University; Salt Lake City: Deseret Book, 2019), 419-445. Eric D. Huntsman, “ The Occasional Nature, Composition, and Structure of Paul’s Letters ,” in  How the New Testament Came to Be: The Thirty-fifth Annual Sidney B. Sperry Symposium , ed. Kent P. Jackson and Frank F. Judd Jr. (Provo, UT: Religious Studies Center, Brigham Young University; Salt Lake City: Deseret Book, 2006), 190–207. The Bible Project Book of Ephesians Summary: A Complete Animated Overview BYU’s RSC Unity and Atonement in Ephesians The “Same” Organization That Existed in the Primitive Church Ephesians: Unfolding the Mysteries through Revelation Additional Videos & Insights What Was the Temple’s Wall of Separation? | BLP Connections: Balustrade Inscription Why was the Temple of Artemis one of the Wonders of the Ancient World? New Testament History, Culture, and Society Early Church History Timeline 0 to 500 AD ( PDF version, download )